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OCEAN
Five major personality traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.
Walter Mischel
Proposed behavior varies by situation, not consistent traits.
Discriminatory Behavior
Behavior adapts uniquely to each specific situation.
CAPS Theory
Cognitive Affective Processing Systems; thoughts affect personality.
Delayed Gratification
Ability to resist immediate rewards for long-term benefits.
Situation vs. Traits
Personality influenced by situations, not just traits.
Long-term Planning
Personality incorporates foresight for future scenarios.
Albert Bandura
Emphasized reciprocal determinism in personality development.
Reciprocal Determinism
Interaction of behavior, environment, and cognitive factors.
Self-Efficacy
Belief in one's ability to achieve goals.
Internal Locus of Control
Belief that one controls their own fate.
External Locus of Control
Belief that outside forces control one's fate.
Cognitive Factors
Thought processes influencing personality development.
Sociocultural Theory
Personality shaped by social and cultural influences.
Stable Personality
View that personality traits remain consistent over time.
Changeable Personality
View that personality traits can evolve and change.
Behaviorist Approach
Focus on observable behavior and external stimuli.
Reward System
Using positive reinforcement to encourage desired behaviors.
Mental Visualization
Imagining scenarios to prepare for new experiences.
Childhood Influence
Past experiences shape current personality traits.
Egocentrism
Inability to differentiate one's own perspective from others.
Identity Crisis
Period of uncertainty in one's sense of self.
Unconditional Positive Regard
Therapeutic acceptance to reduce fear of experiences.
Behaviorist Approach
Learning through rewards and consequences.
Reward System
Incentives for participating in new experiences.
Mental Visualization
Imagining positive outcomes to reduce anxiety.
Daily Engagement
Practicing new experiences until they become habitual.
Childhood Exploration
Understanding past influences on current behavior.
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
Five stages shaping personality by age six.
Oral Stage
Pleasure from oral activities; fixation leads to habits.
Anal Stage
Pleasure from controlling bodily functions during toilet training.
Phallic Stage
Focus on genitals; Oedipal complex and castration anxiety.
Electra Complex
Girls' envy of boys; less strong superego development.
Latency Stage
Period of personality development before puberty.
Genital Stage
Discovery of sexuality outside family dynamics.
Freud's Critiques
Challenges to sexuality's role in personality development.
Karen Horney
Sociocultural perspective; security motivates behavior.
Carl Jung
Collective unconscious influences personality through archetypes.
Anima and Animus
Female and male archetypes in Jung's theory.
Persona
Public image presented to society.
Sublimation
Transforming impulses into socially acceptable behaviors.
Reaction Formation
Opposite behavior to conceal true feelings.
Adult Fixations
Behaviors reflecting unresolved childhood psychosexual conflicts.
Psychosexual Development
Freud's theory linking sexuality to personality formation.
Castration Anxiety
Fear in boys of losing their masculinity during development.
Alfred Adler
Personality driven by pursuit of perfection.
Inferiority Complex
Feelings of inadequacy stemming from perceived weaknesses.
Compensation
Efforts to overcome weaknesses and inferiorities.
Birth Order Effects
Order of birth influences personality traits.
Psychodynamism
Personality shaped by past and present experiences.
Conscious Mind
Thoughts and feelings we are aware of.
Unconscious Mind
Thoughts and feelings outside of awareness.
Maslow's Self-Actualization
Aspiring to reach full potential and personal growth.
Self-Transcendence
Fulfillment beyond individual self, focusing on others.
Carl Rogers
Emphasized self-concept and conditions for thriving.
Self-Worth
Value one places on oneself, affecting fulfillment.
Self-Image
Innate sense of good or bad for oneself.
Unconditional Positive Regard
Acceptance without conditions from others.
Conditions of Worth
Acceptance based on meeting others' expectations.
Empathy
Understanding and sharing the feelings of others.
Humanist Perspective
Personality shaped by self-perception and experiences.
Narcissism
Excessive self-focus and lack of empathy.
Collective Unconscious
Shared instincts and memories across generations.
Psychoanalytic Theory
Focus on unconscious processes shaping personality.
Introversion
Preference for solitary activities over socializing.
Peak Experiences
Moments of intense joy and fulfillment.
Genuineness
Being true to oneself in thoughts and actions.
Inferiority Complex
A psychological condition of feeling inferior to others.
Compensation
Behavior to counteract feelings of inferiority.
Self-Actualization
Achieving one's full potential after basic needs are met.
Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality shaped by unconscious motives and conflicts.
Behaviorist Approach
Personality formed through conditioning and environmental influences.
Person-Centered Approach
Focuses on unconditional positive regard in personality development.
Unconditional Positive Regard
Acceptance and support regardless of behavior or choices.
Introversion
A personality trait characterized by preference for solitude.
Self-Control
Ability to regulate one's emotions and behaviors.
Defense Mechanisms
Unconscious strategies to protect from anxiety and stress.
Conditioning
Learning process through rewards and punishments.
Carl Rogers
Psychologist known for humanistic approach to personality.
Marshmallow Test
A measure of self-control in children.
Therapeutic Approach
Method used by therapists to help clients improve.
Personality Development
The process of developing the characteristics of an individual.
Childhood Experiences
Early life events that shape personality and behavior.
Emotional Support
Providing care and reassurance to promote well-being.
Therapist
A professional who provides mental health support.
Environmental Influences
External factors that impact personality and behavior.
Motivation
The reason behind actions or behaviors.
Happiness
A state of well-being and contentment.
Fear of Failure
Anxiety about not succeeding in tasks or goals.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Undiagnosed condition causing excessive worry and fear.
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Developmental stage where individuals explore personal identity.
Fixed Mindset
Belief that abilities are static and unchangeable.
Repressed Memories
Unconscious blocking of painful past experiences.
Ideal Self vs. Real Self
Discrepancy between who one wants to be and is.
Humanistic Personality Theory
Focus on individual potential and self-actualization.
Abraham Maslow
Psychologist known for hierarchy of needs theory.
Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow's model prioritizing basic needs before higher fulfillment.
Basic Needs
Fundamental requirements like shelter, relationships, and love.
Psychodynamic Approach
Theory emphasizing unconscious mind's influence on behavior.
Sigmund Freud
Founding figure of psychoanalysis and psychodynamic theory.
