Protestant Reformation

sect

subgroup of a major religious group

canonize

recognize a person a saint

compromise

an agreement in which each side makes concessions or acceptable middle ground

ghetto 

separate section of a city where members of  a minority group live

Henry VIII (8th)

(1491-1547) the 2nd Tudor of England; initially a favorite of the English people; lost much of his popularity with his constant involvement in wars; his desire for male heir was the catalyst for his eventual break with the Catholic Church and the formation of the Church of England

Mary Tudor

(1516-1568) the first queen that ruled England in her own right; daughter of Henry VIII and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon; staunch Catholic who tried to hold back the tide of the Protestant Reformation in England; her vigorous persecution of Protestants led to nickname, “Bloody Mary”.

Thomas Crammer

(1489-1556) was a Catholic theologian who strongly supported reform; when Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church, Crammer became England’s first protestant archbishop of Canterbury; distributed English language Bible’s to parish churches and later developed the Book of Common Prayer; also acted as an advisor to Henry VIII and his son Edward VI

Elizabeth Tudor

(1533-1603) became queen of England upon the death of Queen Mary; overtime Elizabeth became a shrewd and powerful monarch; during her region, England became an important European power— England prospered economically and culturally; her handling of English religious conflicts led to her nickname, “Good Queen Bess”

Ignatius of Loyola

(1491-1556) went from an early career as a Spanish nobleman soilder to become a theologian and an influential participant in the Catholic Reformation; while recovering from surgery, he read a book on the lives of the saints and decided that serving God was holy chivalry; from that time until his death, he studied, preached and did missionary work; founded the society of Jesus (Jesuit)

St. Teresa of Avila

(1515-1582) author of several books on spiritual matters; key influence during the catholic Reformation; as a carmelite nun, she dedicated herself to a simple religious life built up on quiet reflection; dedicated to the reform of the Carmelite order; founded many converts throughout pain

Council of Trent

a group of Catholic leaders that met between 1545 and 1563 to respond to Protestant challenges and direct the Catholic Church

indulgence

in the Roman Catholic church, a pardon for sins committed during a person’s lifetime

diet

assembling or legislature

predestination

calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation

theocracy

government run by religious leaders

martin luther

(1483-1546) german monk and theologian who was the catalyst for the Protestant Reformation; seeking to reform abuses within the Church, he challenged Church teachings with 95 thesis led to his excommunication and the development of Lutheranism, the first of several Protestant sects

John Calvin

(1509-1564) French theologian and lawyer; influenced by the humanist philosophy of Erasmus; later moved to Geneva; Switzerland and set up a theocracy and wrote institutes of the Christian religion; his interpretation of Christian doctrine is called calvinism.

explain and evaluate luther’s statement: “Printing was God’s highest act of grace,”

Martin Luther said, “Printing was God’s highest act of grace,” because the printing press helped spread his ideas and the Bible to many people. Before printing, books were rare and hard to get. With printing, lots of people could read and learn about religion. Luther believed printing was a great gift that helped his work.

compare and contrast the roles of Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth played in establishing the Church of England

Henry VIII helped start the Church of England when he left the Catholic Church because the Pope wouldn’t let him end his marriage. He wanted to be in charge of religion in England. At first, he kept a lot of Catholic ways. Later, Queen Elizabeth I made the Church of England more balanced by mixing some Protestant and Catholic ideas. She wanted to bring peace to England since people had different religious beliefs. Elizabeth became the head of the church and kept some Catholic traditions. In short, Henry VIII started the church to have more power, and Elizabeth worked to keep it peaceful and united.

wittenburg

city in northern Germany where, German monk Martin Luther drew up his 95 Theses

charles v

(1500-1558) was the Holy Roman emperor during the time of Martin Luther’s reformation efforts. His immense empire included large areas of Europe. A staunch Catholic, he rejected Luther’s doctrines. The Protestant upheaval, along with political pressures, led ___ to voluntarily give up his throne. He divided the empire between his son and his brother. ____ entered Catholic monastery where he remained until his death.

what was the relationship between the printing press and the Reformation?

it helped spread the ideas of protestant reformation throughout northern europe

what are some major beliefs of protestantism?

no papal authority, bible printed in the vernacular, salvation through faith, priest can marry

how does Calvinism differ from Lutheranism?

Calvinist believe in predestination

what happened within Europe after protestantism took hold?

Persecution, intolerance, conflict

which region of Europe was the most religiously divided?

Holy roman empire, central (middle) europe

what was one of the biggest complaints expressed by Martin Luther in the 95 thesis?

The corrupt selling of indulgences, which applies to rejection of papal authority

as Christianity splintered, what arose in Europe?

Religious extremism and intolerance rose

how did the Catholic Church respond to the Protestant Reformation?

Through the council of Trent, enacted its own reforms with emphasis on morality and discipline

how did Henry VIII handle the split with Catholic Church?

Ordered the closure of catholic convince and monasteries and seize catholic wealth

who is most responsible for bringing an end to the religious turmoil in England? How did this person achieve this?

She compromised by incorporating both protestant and catholicism into the church of england