midterm study guide

social context

people dont need to be physically present

personality psychology focuses on

differences between individuals

cognitive psychology

studies mental processes broadly

construct

an abstract concept that cannot be observed directly (ex. intelligence)

operational definition

turns construct into a concrete, measurable response (ex. intelligence —> IQ score)

population

everyone of interest sam

random sampling

smaller, representative, randomly selected subset

random sampling

every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected into the study

random assignment

each participant has a equal chance of being placed in an experimental or control group

meta-analysis

statisically combines results across many studies to summarize a body of evidence

social desirability

participants answer in ways they think are acceptable or that supports the hypothesis

clever hans

figuring out based on facial expression

self perception theory

when internal cues are weak, we infer our attitudes by observing our own behavior

facial feedback hypothesis

facial expression can change your felt emotion s

self discrepancy theory

self esteem reflects the gap between the actual self and self-guides

self awareness theory

self focus —> comparison to a standard —> negative discrepancy —> lowered self esteem

BIRG is associated with

winners

CORF

cutting off reflected failure “they llost”

self verification

wanting others to see us as we see ourselves

high self monitors are

flexible and pragmatic

low self monitors are

consistent and principled

self monitoring

regulating behavior to fit the situation

social perception

process by which we come to understand other people per

perceptual salience

focus on the person (who is vivid) rather than the situation

actor-observer bias

actors attribute behavior situation, observers attribute other behaviors to disposition

availability heuristic

judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind

counterfactual thinking

imagining outcomes that didn’t happen

priming

recent experiences unconsciously shape how we interpret new information

implicit personality theory

assumptions about which traits go together (talkative —> outgoing)

primacy effect

information presented first weighs more heavily than later information

2 explanations for primacy

1. we stop attending once an impression forms

   1. change of meaning - later traits get reinterpreted to fit the early impression

four stages of social perception

1. observation

2. attribution

3. integration

   1. confirmation

implicit racism

racism that operates unconsciously

implicit association test measures

implicit PREJUDICE

ambivalent sexism

attitutde toward women that blends two components - hostile and benevolent - at the same time

subtyping

defy stereotypes as exceptions to the rule

stereotype threat

situatioinal pressure that impairs performance

is stereotype threat measured by IAT

no