Fundamentals of Movement Science

Flexecology course module 1

what is the anatomical position

• standard body position

• upright standing position with arms hanging by sides and palms facing forward

• left and right refers to that of person being viewed not the viewer

anterior

in front of, toward or at front of body

posterior

behind, toward or at backside of body

superior

above, toward head

inferior

below, away from head

medial

toward or at midline of body (inner side of body or limbs)

lateral

away from midline of body (outside of body or limbs)

proximal

closer to body center or point of attachment of limb to torso

distal

further from center of body or point of attachment of limb to torso

superficial

toward or at body surface

deep

further away from body surface = internal

dorsum

posterior surface of something

ex. back side of hand

palmar

anterior surface of something

ex. palm side of hand

plantar

sole of foot

Anatomical planes:

1. sagittal

2. frontal

3. transverse

1. sagittal - splits body vertically into left vs right

2. frontal - splits body vertically into anterior and posterior sides

3. transverse - splits body horizontally into top vs bottom

flexion

bending to decrease angle between bones at joint

lateral flexion

bend torso or head laterally (sideways) in frontal plane (bend head toward chest and toward back)

extension

straighten or bend backward away from fetal position

hyperextension

extend limb beyond normal range of motion

adduction

movement of bone toward midline of body or limb

Abduction

movement of bone away from midline of body

rotation

movement around its own longitudinal axis

lateral (external) rotation

to turn out, away from midline m

medial (internal) rotation

to turn in, toward midline

circumduction

• distal end of a bone moves in a circle while proximal end remains stable

• movement combines flexion, adduction, abduction, extension

• in shoulders or hip joints

pronation vs supination

pronation - to turn palm of hand down to face floor (thumbs down)

supination - to turn palm of hand up to face ceiling (thumbs up)

dorsiflexion vs plantar flexion

dorsiflexion - to point toes up toward sky

plantar flexion - to point toes down toward ground

inversion vs eversion

inversion - to turn sole of foot inward (soles face each other)

eversion - to turn soles of foot outward, soles face away from each other

protraction vs retraction

protraction - movement forward in transverse plane

retraction - movement backward in transverse plane

elevation vs depression

elevation - movement of body part upward along frontal plane

depression - movement of elevated body part back to original position

opposition

movement specific o saddle point of thumb

enables you to turn thumb up to the tips of fingers of same hand

fibrous joints

• definition

• 3 types

• fixed joints

• immoveable joints

• located where bones cannot flex; bones are fused together

• types:

1. sutures (between bones in skull)

2. gomphoses (in mouth)

   1. syndesmoses (ligament with strong membrane that holds 2 bones in place)

Cartilaginous joints

• definition

• 2 types

• partially movable

• only where connection between articulating bones are made of cartilage

• 2 types:

1. symphysis, bones connected by fibrous cartilage

2. synchondrosis, bones connected by hardened cartilage (temp cartilaginous joints in kids up through puberty)

synovial joints

• definition

• components

• 6 main types

• most common, freely moving; flexible, moveable, slide over one another, rotatable joints

• surrounded by articular capsule and articular surface to lubricate and absorb fluid

• covered in cartilage for shock absorption

• 6 main types

1. ball and socket - polyaxial

2. pivot - uniaxial

3. hinge - uniaxial

4. condyloid - biaxial

5. saddle - biaxial

6. plane - non rotating, gliding motion

what are levers in the human body

muscles and bones work together to increase force and create a level

Lever components:

1. arm = bone

2. pivot = joint

3. effort = muscles provide force to move load

4. load = weight of body part or external object being moved

3 types of joint mobility

1. diarthrosis - freely mobile joint, ex. knee

2. amphiarthrosis - slightly mobile joint, ex. syndesmosis (cart. joint)

3. synarthrosis - immobile joint, ex. coronal suture in skull

3 joint ranges of motion

1. uniaxial - back and forth along single axis, ex. hinge and pivot joint

2. biaxial - move along 2 axes, ex. saddle and condylar

3. polyaxial or multiaxial - move through all 3 axes, ex. ball and socket joint

how is a joints range of motion described

by which axes of movement it moves along/through

• sagittal

• frontal

• vertical

what 3 factors determine joint stability

1. degree of contact between 2 articular surfaces (more contact = more stable)

2. presence of ligaments (more ligaments = more stable)

3. tone of surrounding muscles (stronger muscles = more stable)

increased stability = decreased movement

more mobility = decreased stability

muscle cell structure and conctraction process

• made of thin actin strands and thick myosin strands that form sarcomeres

• myosin binds to actin, pulling it closer = sarcomere contracts

• action potential through muscle cells causes voltage gated ion Ca 2+ channels to open, allowing Calcium into the cell which binds to troponin which changes shape and pulls on tropomyosin which are both blocking actin

agonist (prime movers) vs antagonist muscles

agonist, prime movers = drive movement

antagonists = create opposite affect

skeletal muscle ALWAYS _____________ never ______________.

pulls, never pushes ske

skeletal muscle extends over ____________—

joints

motor unit

group of muscle fibers that all get their signal from the same, single motor neuron iso

isotonic vs isometric movement

isotonic = change in length of muscles

isometric = no change in muscle length

Major muscles in hip and thigh, Anterior (front)

1. quadricepts

2. sartorius

3. tensor fasciae latae

4. adductor magnus

5. gracilis

6. adductor longus

7. pectineus

quadriceps

1. rectus femoris

• hip flexion

• knee extension

2. vastus lateralis/medialis

• knee extension

• correction of patellar tracking

sartorius

hip flexion, external rotation, abduction

knee flexion and internal rotation

tensor fasciae latae

• hip flexion, internal rotation, abduction

• knee flexion after 30 D

• knee stabilizer with IT band in full extension

Adductor magnus

hip adduction, extension, and internal rotation

gracilis

• hip adduction

• knee flexion

  • medial rotation of tibia on femur

adductor longus

hop adduction, flexion, external rotation

pectineus

hip adduction and flexion

Major muscles in hip and thigh, Posterior (back)

1. gluteus medius

2. gluteus minimus

3. piriformis

4. deep lateral hip rotators

5. gluteus maximus

6. hamstrings:

• biceps femoris

• semimembranosus, semitendinosus

gluteus medius

gluteus minimus

gluteus maximus

medius = hip stabilization, abduction, internal rotation

minimus = hip stabilization during stance phase of walking, hip abduction, internal rotation

maximus = hip extension, external rotation, abduction, adduction

piriformis

• external rotation when hip is extended

• hip abduction when hip is in flexion

• assists in posterior pelvic tilt

deep lateral hip rotators

hip external rotation

hip stabilization

hamstrings:

• biceps femoris

• semimembranosus, semitendinosus

biceps femoris:

• knee flexion

• hip extension, external rotation

• external rotation of lower leg when knee is flexed

semimembranosus, semitendinosus

• knee flexion

• hip extension

Major muscles of Leg and Foot, Deep

1. fibularis longus

2. tibialis posterior

3. flexor digitorum longus

4. flexor hallucis longus

5. fibularis peroneus brevis

fibularis longus

• eversion of ankle joint

• assists in plantar flexion of ankle joint

tibialis posterior

• inversion of ankle joint

• assists in plantar flexion of ankle joint

flexor digitorum longus

• flexion of all toes joints

• plantar flexion and inversion of ankle

flexor hallucis longus

• flexion of great toe joint

• plantar flexion and inversion of ankle

fibularis peroneus brevis

• eversion of ankle joint

• assists in plantar flexion of ankle joint

Major muscles of Leg and Foo, Posterior

1. gastrocnemius

2. soleus

gastrocnemius

• plantar flexion of ankle

• assists in knee flexion

• propels force in walking and running

soleus

• plantar flexion of ankle

• maintains upright posture by frequently contracting during stance

Major muscles of Leg and Foot, Anterior

1. tibialis anterior

2. fibularis peroneus longus

3. extensor digitorum longus

4. fibularis peroneus brevis

5. extensor hallucis longus

tibialis anterior

ankle dorsiflexion and inversion

fiularis peroneus longus

• eversion of ankle joint

• assists in plantar flexion of ankle

extensor digitorum longus

• extension of toes at metatarsophalangeal joint

• assists in extension of interphalangeal joints

• assists in ankle dorsiflexion and eversion

f

fibularis peroneus brevis

• eversion of ankle joint

• assists in plantar flexion of ankle

ex

extensor hallucis longus

• extension of great toe joint

• ankle dorsiflexion and inversion

Major muscles in neck and truck (anterior)

1. external obliques

2. rectus abdominis

3. internal obliques

4. transverse abdomins

external obliques vs internal obliques

external = flexion and contralateral rotation of trunk

internal = bilateral and unilateral trunk flexion

rectus abdominis

flexion of trunk

transverse abdominis

• stabilization of trunk

• protection of internal organs

Major muscles in neck and truck (deep)

1. psoas major

2. iliacus

3. quadratus lumborum

psoas major

flexion of hips

iliacus

flexion of hips

quadratus lumborum

• spinal tension

• lateral flexion of spine

Major muscles in neck and truck (lateral neck)

1. levator scapulae

2. sicaleus medius

3. scalenus anterior

levator scapule

• scapular elevation

• assists scapular retraction

• helps neck lateral flexion

s

scalenus medius

• lateral neck flexion

• elevation of first rib

scalenus anterior

• lateral neck flexion

• elevation of first rib

Major muscles in Posterior spine

1. semispinalis

2. lumbar multifidus

3. erector spinae

4. rotators

semispinalis, includes capitis, cervicis, thoracis

bilateral extension and unilateral rotation of head and neck

lumbar multifidus

• bilateral extension of spine

• unilateral rotation

• lateral flexion of spine

erector spinae, includes illocostalis longissimus, spinalis

• spinal extension

• lateral flexion of spine

rotators

• rotation and stabilization of spine

  • aids in spinal extension

Major muscles in neck and truck (ribcage)

1. diaphragm

2. external and internal intercostals

diaphragm

assists in breathing during inspiration of air

intercostals

assist in breathing via pulling down on ribs cage and pushing air out of lungs

Major muscles in shoulders and arms (posterior)

1. trapezius

2. rhomboids

3. deltoideus

4. latissimus dorsi

trapexus

elevates, depresses, retracts scapula

rhomboids

retracts, elevates, rotates scapula

deltoideus

major abduction of arm

latissimus dorsi

adduction, medial rotation, and extension of arm

Major muscles in shoulders and arms (anterior)

1. pectoralis major

2. subscapularis

3. pectoralus minor

4. serratus anterior

5. biceps branchii

6. brachialis

pectoralis major vs pectoralis minor

major = flexion, adduction and medial rotation of arm

minor = depression, adduction and internal rotation of arm