Anatomy & Physiology I : Chapter 1

BIOL 2301

What is anatomy?

The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

What is physiology?

The study of the functions of body parts and how they carry out life-sustaining activities.

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

They are inseparable because function reflects structure.

What determines what a body structure can do?

Its specific form (structure).

What does “form follows function” mean?

The structure of a body part is related to the function it performs.

What is homeostasis?

Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous environmental changes.

Is homeostasis a static condition?

No. It is a dynamic state of equilibrium that is continually readjusted.

What major systems contribute to homeostasis?

All organ systems contribute.

What is the chemical level of organization?

Atoms, molecules, and organelles.

What is the cellular level of organization?

level consisting of single cells

What is the tissue level of organization?

Groups of similar cells

What is the organ level of organization?

A structure containing two or more types of tissues

What is the organ system level of organization?

Organs that work closely together.

What is the organismal level of organization?

All organ systems combined to form the whole organism

What is the correct order of structural organization from simplest to most complex?

Chemical → cellular → tissue → organ → organ system → organismal.

What are the five major themes in physiology listed in the slides?

Homeostasis; structure and function; transformation of energy and matter; mass balance; interdependence.

What does the cell membrane determine?

What substances enter or leave the cell.

Why is cell communication important?

Cells must pass information to one another to coordinate their activities.

What is flow down gradients?

The transport of substances such as ions, molecules, blood, and air down gradients.

What does cell theory state about DNA?

All cells making up the organism have the same DNA.

What determines the functions of individual cells?

The genes that are expressed.

What do genes code for?

The synthesis of proteins, including enzymes.

What are the eight necessary life functions?

Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.

What is the purpose of maintaining boundaries?

To separate the internal environment from the external environment.

What structure separates a cell from its environment?

The plasma membrane.

What structure separates the organism from its environment?

skin

What is contractility?

The ability to produce movement at the cellular level.

What system allows movement of body parts through skeletal muscles?

The muscular system.

What type of muscle moves blood?

Cardiac muscle.

What type of muscle moves substances during digestion and urination?

Smooth muscle

What is responsiveness?

The ability to sense and respond to stimuli.

What is an example of responsiveness that helps prevent injury?

A withdrawal reflex

What is digestion?

The breakdown of ingested food followed by absorption of simple molecules into the blood.

What is metabolism?

All chemical reactions that occur in body cells.

What two processes make up metabolism?

Catabolism and anabolism.

What is catabolism?

The breakdown of molecules.

What is anabolism?

The synthesis of molecules.

What is excretion?

Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion.

What is one waste product produced from protein breakdown?

Urea

What metabolic waste is removed as a gas?

Carbon dioxide

What is reproduction at the cellular level?

Cell division for growth or repair

What is reproduction at the organismal level?

Production of offspring

What is growth?

An increase in the size of a body part or the organism.

Why must individual cells be kept alive in humans?

Humans are multicellular and depend on living cells for proper function.

How many organ systems work together to maintain life?

11 organ systems.

What are the major survival needs listed

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure.

What is a variable in homeostasis?

A factor that can change, such as blood glucose, body temperature, or blood volume.

What are the three components of a homeostatic control system?

Receptor, control center, and effector.

What is the function of a receptor in homeostasis?

It detects or measures a change in a variable.

What is the function of the control center?

It compares the measured value with the set point and initiates a response.

What is the function of an effector?

It responds to correct the deviation from the set point.

What is a stimulus?

Something that creates a change in the internal environment.

What is a response?

The result of the homeostatic control mechanism.

What is negative feedback?

A mechanism in which the response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus.

How does negative feedback affect the variable?

It changes the variable in the direction opposite to the initial change.

What is the most commonly used feedback mechanism in the body?

Negative feedback.

What is one example of negative feedback?

Regulation of body temperature.

How does insulin provide negative feedback?

Insulin causes cells to absorb glucose, decreasing blood glucose levels.

What organ secretes insulin?

The pancreas

What happens when blood glucose increases in the insulin negative-feedback example?

Receptors detect the increase and the pancreas secretes insulin

What is positive feedback?

A mechanism in which the response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus.

How does positive feedback affect the original change?

It causes the variable to continue changing in the same direction.

What is another name for positive feedback's effect?

An amplifying or cascade effect.

What is an example of positive feedback?

Oxytocin enhancing labor contractions.

When is positive feedback generally used?

For infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment.

What detects increased body temperature in the example provided?

Thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus.

What acts as the control center for the temperature example?

hypothalamus

What is the effector in the temperature example?

Sweat glands

How does sweating help restore homeostasis?

Sweat evaporates from the skin and reduces body heat

Which system plays a major role in homeostatic regulation through rapid signaling?

The nervous system.

Which system plays a major role in homeostatic regulation through hormones?

The endocrine system.

Which system maintains the body's external boundary?

Integumentary system.

Which system provides structural support?

Skeletal system

Which system is primarily responsible for movement?

Muscular system

Which system is primarily responsible for rapid communication and responsiveness?

Nervous system

Which system regulates body functions using hormones?

Endocrine system.

Which system transports substances throughout the body?

Cardiovascular system

Which system is responsible for immunity and lymphatic functions?

Lymphatic system.

Which system is responsible for gas exchange?

Respiratory system

Which system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients?

Digestive system

Which system removes metabolic wastes and helps regulate internal fluid composition?

Urinary system

Which system is responsible for producing offspring?

Reproductive system.

Which body systems are involved in maintaining boundaries according to the slides?

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, and endocrine systems.

Which body systems are involved in movement according to the slides?

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, and endocrine systems.

Which body systems are involved in responsiveness according to the slides?

Cardiovascular, muscular, nervous, and endocrine systems.

Which body systems are involved in digestion according to the slides?

Digestive, skeletal, and muscular systems.

Which body systems are involved in metabolism according to the slides?

Digestive, skeletal, muscular, nervous, and endocrine systems

Which body systems are involved in excretion according to the slides?

Integumentary, respiratory, muscular, digestive, and urinary systems.

Which body systems are involved in reproduction according to the slides?

Cardiovascular, skeletal, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems.

Which body systems are involved in growth according to the slides?

Integumentary, skeletal, digestive, and endocrine systems.