Pharm Lecture 4

i hate everything

are antibiotics and antibacterials the same

yes

empiric therapy

fast treatment with antibiotic that combats most common cause of infection

define antibiotics agent

umbrella term to describe something that kills body invaders

prophylactic therapy

prevents infection, uncommon practice

Bacteriocidal

Drugs that have the ability to kill bacteria

Bacteriostatic

Drugs that have the ability to suppress bacterial growth, not necessarily kill

Selective toxicity

Ability of drug to injure target cell or microorganism without the other cells around it

Why is aquired resistance a major problem

Makes drugs that used to be highly effective minimally effective due to adaptation

Which is smaller in adaptation, bacteria or virus

Virus

What type of mutation occurs in aquired resistance

Spontaneous

Conjugation

DNA sharing among bacteria, virus smarter

Which has easier mutation, dna or rna

RNA

What does vaccination do

Prevent infection

How to delay aquired resistance

Vaccination, broad spectrum antibiotics, new antibiotics

When starting a new drug, should you try older or newer version first

Older to prevent aquired resistance

What does tube open up a patient to

Infection

How effective is handwashing against infection transmission

80%

Misuse of antimicrobial drugs

Untreatable infection, fever of unknown origin, improper dosage, unidentified organism, length of treatment

Untreatable infection is a symptom of what misuse

Misuse of antimicrobial drug

Fever of unknown origin is a symptom of what misuse

Misuse of antimicrobial drug

Improper dosage is a symptom of what misuse

Misuse of antimicrobial drug

Unidentified organism is a symptom of what misuse

Misuse of antimicrobial drug

Length of treatment is a symptom of what misuse

Misuse of antimicrobial drug

Why get cultures before antibiotics started

Test sensitivity and likelihood of resistance

What is a culture

Grab a little bit of the bug

Treatment spectrum types

Narrow and broad

Narrow spectrum treatment

Effective against one bacteria type

Broad spectrum antibiotics

Effective against gram positive and negative bacteria

What are adverse reaction types

Allergic, toxic, superinfection

Where is Nosocomial infection from

Hospital aquired

Can you skip courses of antibiotic treatment

No

What is superinfection

Infection that happens while treating the first infection (secondary)

Mild allergic reaction effect

Rash, pruritus (itch), hives

Several allergy effects

Anaphylactic shock, bronchospasm, edema, mild effects, cardiac arrest, vascular collapse

Evaluation of therapy should fever go down or up

Down

Evaluation of therapy should pain go down or up

Down

Evaluation of therapy should inflammation go down or up

Down

Evaluation of therapy should appetite go down or up

Up

Evaluation of therapy should sense of well being go down or up

Up

Evaluation of therapy should wbc count go down or up

Down

Incorrect route is an example of what

Sub therapeutic therapy

Inadequate abscess drainage is an example of what

Sub therapeutic therapy

Poor antibiotic penetration is an example of what

Sub therapeutic therapy

Bacterial resistance or bad culture is an example of what

Sub therapeutic therapy

What does penicillin do

Weakens bacteria cell wall, causing excessive water updates and rupture

What inactivated penicillin

Bacterial enzymes

What is penicillin derived from

Mold fungus

Penicillin adverse effects

Allergy, skin rash, hives, itching, angioedema

What drug is amoxicillin similar to

Penicillin

What med is given for strep throat

Penicillin/amaoxicillon

Common problem with Penicillin/amaoxicillon

Over prescription

Types of penicillin allergy

Immediate, accelerated, late

Angioedema

Airway swelling/ puffiness from Penicillin/amaoxicillon

Steven Johnson

Skin peeling from Penicillin/amaoxicillon

Beta lactamase inhibitor combination drug

(PCN and beta lactamase inhibitor)

What type of drug is augmentin/amoxicillin

Oral combination penicillin

What type of drug is Clavulanic,IV Unasyn/ampicillin

Oral combination penicillin

What are cephalosporins

Similar to penicillin, antibiotics

Cephalosporin adverse effects

Allergy, weakens cell well, could kill if allergic to PCN

How are different generations of cephalosporins classified

How well they get into the cerebral spinal fluid

Cephalosporin prototype

Cephalexin/ kelfex

What is Cephalexin/ kelfex used for

Skin infections

What is ceftriaxone/rocephin

A cephalosporin prototype

ceftriaxone/rocephin

Big gun antibiotic, prevention of wound infections

what type of drug is vanco

Glycopeptide

What does vanco do

Weakens cell wall like PCN, fights mrsa

Vancomycin/vancocin uses

Severe infection (bug gun), alternative to PCNs, clostridiodes

Vancomycin/vancocin Adverse effects

Ototoxocity (ears), nephrotoxicity (kidney), Steven Johnson

What infection lives in hospital room for years

C Diff

Treatment for CDiff

No blood in stool, fecal transplant

Vancomycin infusion reaction

Turns red, flush, not allergy

What to do after a vanco infusion reaction

Slow the infusion/turn down vanco, give antihistamine

What kind of drugs are tetracyclines and macrolides

Bacteriostatic inhibitors of protein synthesis

Tetracycline

very broad spectrum antibiotic

Can you give out expired tetracycline

HELL NO

Adverse effects of tetracycline

Bad calcium binding, sun sensitivity, gastrointestinal, renal toxicity

What drug is associated with black teeth

Vancomyosin

Why do some people get burnt on tetracycline while others don’t

Skin type, drug concentration, pigmentation

Can tetracycline be given to young patients

Rarely, causes teeth discoloration and acne

Is erythromycin a danger drug

Yes

Is erythromycin a macrolide or aminoglycocide

Macrolide

how should one take erythromycin

With food, spacing

What type of drug is azithromycin/zithromax

Macrolide

Is azithromycin/zithromax a better or worse tolerated drug than erythromycin

Better, less nausea, longer half life

Lincosamides action

Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis

Lincosamide drug types

Cleocin/clindamycin, lincomycin/lincocin

What drug can produce fatality via diarrhea

Clindamycin/cleocin

Lincosamides adverse reactions

Rash, metallic taste, GI distress, anaphylaxis

What drug decreases lincomycin absorption

Kaolin and pectin

What drugs are incompatible with Lincosamides

Aminophylline, phenytoin, barbiturates, ampicillin

Bactericidal inhibitors of protein synthesis (big gun)

Aminoglycosides

What drug can cause serious injury to ear and kidney

Aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides Adverse effects

Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, hypersensitivity, neuromuscular blockade, drug interactions

Gentamicin/garamycin

Serious infection, used in HIV patients

Gentamicin/garamycin

Adverse effects

Gentamicin/garamycin adverse effects

Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity are

Peak level

Greatest concentration of drug in blood after injection

Trough level

Greatest concentration of blood in tissue prior to next injection

Sulfonamides and trimethoprim function

Suppress bacterial growth by inhibiting folic acid

What drug concentrates in kidneys so it’s good for UTIs

Sulfonamides and trimethoprim