Micro ch 2: the molecules of life

what is chemistry

the study of atoms and molecules

atoms

have a nucleus made of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons

molecule

two or more atoms of the same element joined together

compounds

two or more atoms of a different element joined together

ionic bond

TRANSFER of electrons (leaves positive and negative charged atoms)

covalent bond

SHARING of electrons, usually in pairs

solvent

substance that dissolves, present in greater amount

solute

substance being dissolved, present in smaller amount

hydrophobic

repels water

hydrophilic

attracts water

acid

proton donor (H+); HCl, HNO3, H2SO4

Base

proton acceptor (OH-)

Salt

ionic compound produced when an acid and base react together

separates in water into positive and negative parts (electrolytes)

pH

“power of hydrogen” the power of proton concentration, logarithmic measure of the amount of H ion/proton concentration

buffer

maintains stable pH

functional group

found in organic compounds

alcohol

-OH

aldehyde

C is double bonded to O and single bonded to H

acid

COOH

amine

NH

ether

single bond between carbon and oxygen

ketone

double bond O, single bond C

ester

double bond O, single bond O which is bonded to C

the 4 organic compounds

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

functions of carbohydrates

provide energy, convert things into glucose

monosaccharides

single-unit sugars; ex. glucose, fructose, galactose

dissaccharides

two unit sugars; ex. sucrose, lactose, maltose

polysaccharides

many unit sugars; starch (plant and animal), glycogen (animal), cellulose (plants)

functions of lipids

fats and oils; long term energy storage, membrane structure

fatty acids

long chain of C and H, acid group attached (COOH)

saturated

single bonds, straight chain

unsaturated

at least one double bond, bent chain

triglycerides

contain glycerol backbone and three fatty acid chains

phospholipid

glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid chains, 1 phosphate group; cell membrane structure

steroid

multiple ring lipids

protein functions

enzymes, fibers, hormones, membranes or antibodies

made of amino acids that can coild, form flat sheets, or globular shape

amino acids

amine group, acid group, and an R group; ex. Glycine, alanine

enzymes

cause chemical reactions to occur or speed up 1 million times faster than regular speed

substrate

compound an enzyme acts upon

active site

the spout where the substrate fits and the chemical reaction takes place

denaturation

disruption of proteins 3D shape, uses heat, acids, or bases

nucleic acid basic structure

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group

adenosine phosphates

messengers in energy molecules

DNA and RNA

heredity and protein synthesis molecules

NAD and FAD

electron carriers, cellular metabolism

dehydration synthesis

the joining of molecules, H2O removed

hydrationn synthesis

breaking of molecules with water, H2O added