Anatomy Lecture Exam 1

What are the four main tissue types in humans?

epithelium, connective, muscle, and nervous

Nervous system arises from which (ectoderm, endoderm, or mesoderm)?

ectoderm

Which tissue type has the following functions:

- protection

  - absorption

  - filtration

  - excretion

  - secretion

  - sensory reception

  - gas exchange

 

epithelium

In epithelial cells, goblet cells mucus, while cilia, __ mucus.

make, move

Give a description, function, and location for simple squamous epitelial cells.

layer of flattened cells

allows passage of materials by diffusion and filteration. secretes lubricant.

air sacs, capillaries, linings of the heart

Give a description, function, and location for simple cuboidal epithelial cells.

cube-like shape

secretion and absorption

kidney tubules, ducts, secretory portions of glands

Give a description, function, and location for simple columnar epithelial cells.

tall cells

absorption, secretion of mucus/enzymes, propelling substances (via cillia)

digestive tract lining (non-ciliated) and uterine tubed (ciliated)

Give a description, function, and location for psuedostratified columnar epithelial cells.

single layer of cells of differing heights, all attached to basement membrane

secretion, propelling substances (via cillia)

respiratory tract lining (ciliated type) male reproductive ducts (non-ciliated)

Give a description, function, and location for stratified squamous epithelial cells.

thick layers of flattens cells

protecting underlying tissues in areas of abrasion

mouth and vagina, epidermis (keratinized type)

Give a description, function, and location for transitional epithelial cells.

kinda like stratified squamous + stratified cuboidal

stretching and allowing for distension

uterus and urinary bladder

Exocrine glands (possess ducts/are ductless), while endocrine glands (possess ducts/are ductless)

exo - poseess ducts

endo - ductless

List all the types of connective tissue (Hint: there are 5 mains)

1. Embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme and Wharton’s Jelly in fetuses)

2. Mature Connective Tissue:

Loose Connective Tissue

- areolar tissue

  - adipose tissue

  - reticular connective tissue

Dense connective tissue

- dense regular connective tissue

  - dense irregular connective tissue

  - elastic connective tissue

Cartilage

- hyaline cartilage

  - fibrocartilage

  - elastic cartilage

Bone (osseous tissue)

Blood (vascular tissue)

What is adipose tissue and where can it be found?

stores triglycerides, insulates

found subcutaneous, omentum (over intestines)

What is reticular connective tissue and where can it be found?

forms internal framework in organs like spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

found binding smooth muscle cells together

What is dense regular connective tissue?

fibrous connective tissue (high tensile strength), made up of bundles of collagen

collagen is secreted, and white fibers form spontaneously

What is dense irregular connective tissue and where is it found?

collagen fibers w/ an irregular pattern, seen in sheets

found in dermis of skin (!!), periosteum

Whats the laer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage called?

perichondrium

Describe Cartilage.

• has ability to endure high stress

• chondrocytes located in lacunae

• no blood supply or nerves

What is an osteophyte?

Osteophyte – spicules of bone laid down  by the body to try to fuse bones – Wolf’s Law

Whats fibrocartilage and where can it be found?

cartilage made of fibers, like collagen. function to absorb compressive shock and fuse

found in pubic synthesis, intervertebral discs, and menisci of knee joints

Define ramus

extension of a bone making an angle to the rest of the structure

Define Sinus

chamber inside bone, usually filled with air

Define meatus

passageway through substance of bone

Describe petrous portion

super dense bone that protects hearing organs

Define condyle

rounded projection where joints often attach

All facial muscles are innervated by cranial nerve #___, which controls contraction.

7

define idiopathic

when the cause of a condition is unknown

Define Occipitofrontalis (where is it and what does it do?).

attached to scalp

tenses scalp or wrinkles forehead

Medial rectus muscles are for looking…

toward midline

Lateral rectus muscles are for looking…

away, laterally

Superior rectus muscles are for looking…

up

Inferior rectus muscles are for looking…

down

Superior oblique muscles are for looking…

down & away

Inferior oblique muscles are for looking…

up & away

Muscles of mastication are innervated by cranial nerve #___

5

Which of the Vertebra are atypical?

C1 and C2

The purpose of the transverse ligament over the dens on C2 is to…

hold the dens flesh to C1 to protect spinal cord from compression

Define the Atlanto Dens Interval (ADI)

space between atlas and dens, can increase under injury

Which of the anterior muscles of the neck are suprahyoid vs infrahyoid? (Hint: TOSS my gravy spoon darling)

Infra - Thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid

Supra - Mylohyoid, geniohyoid, stylohyoid, digastric

What are the “3 best friends” in the neck? What are they encased in?

Common Carotid Artery, Vagus Nerve CN X, Internal Jugular vein

encased in carotid sheath

Name the layers of the meninges

Piamater (“Delicate mother”), arachnoid (csf lives here), and duramater (“rough mother”)

What is the order of blood flow through sinuses in the head?

1.) Sagittal Sinus

  superior & inferior

2.) Transverse Sinus

3.) Sigmoid Sinus

4.) Out the internal jugular vein

What are the borders of the posterior triangle in the neck?

Anterior border -- posterior of sternocleidomastoid m.’s

Posterior border -- anterior of trapezius m.’s

Inferior border -- clavicle

Superior border - apex; where SCM & traps meet

What are the borders of the anterior triangle in the neck?

Anterior border- median center line (midline)

Posterior border- sternocleidomastoid

Superior border- lower border of mandible

Inferior border- apex; meeting of SCM & midline

(on sternum)

What is T3?

triidothyronine (3 iodines on 1 hormone)

What is T4?

thyroxine (4 iodines on one hormone)

The parathyroid glands aid in ____ metabolism. How?

Calcium.

• PTH released from parathyroid when blood calcium is low

• Calcitonin released by thyroid when blood calcium is high

Why does the thyroid produce T3 and T4?

converts T4 to T3 to give energy boost