APUSH Period 1-6

Great Plains Indians

Hunted bison, moved with/ followed the bison, developed trapping techniques, stampeded herds over cliffs, hunted on foot, used bow and arrow

Great Basin Indians

caught fish in lakes/ marshy areas, used bone hooks or nets, killed dear antelope bison rabbits rodents snakes when living in the mountains, some relied on storing plants (In South West)

Woodland People

settled by lakes, hunted deer and gathered plants, started growing gourds and pumpkins, generally settled in one spot and didn't move often

burial mounds

the bigger the burial mounds and the more artifacts found in them, the more important the person was

Mexica

The Aztecs, stretched across Mexico, led own military campaign, warriors ranked higher than priests, practiced human sacrifice, collected tribute in goods vs. money, had large cities, dependent on military conquest and tribute.

Columbian Exchange

Spaniards traded: Christianity, iron technology, ships, guns, horses, disease

Ancient American goods: corn, potatoes, tobacco

Spanish/ Tainos Relationship

Spanish crew left on an island, killed by the Tainos, suggests many wars between Spanish and Indians in the future

Cortez vs. Mexicas

Cortez and the Spaniards gained the trust of the Mexica's, believing that they were gods, and then killed them off

Florida and New Mexico

Florida: first permanent European Settlement used to protect Spanish ships from pirates

New Mexico: said to have treasure, did not

encomienda

Indians gave labor and tribute to the Spaniards, received well being, justice and were encouraged to convert to Christianity

Protestant Reform

"Having faith in God will give you everlasting life." giving offering, follow priests, take part in rituals, will not bring you closer to God. Reading the Bible is the only source

Jamestown

1607, settled by the Virginia Company in Chesapeake, faced lack of food, disease, poor sanitation

Virginia Company

stock company established settlements in North America. From London, wanted to gain an empire to strengthen England by providing more trade and jobs

House of Burgesses

representatives were elected by colonists in Virginia, laws that were passed were then sent to the royal government, the oldest representative legislative assembly

Chesapeake

made up of Virginia and Maryland colonies, planters dedicated to tobacco farming

Headright system

English people would be givwn 50 acres of free land if they migrated to North America and worked on the land

Maryland

England King Charles granted the land to Lord Baltimore who intended to have it as refuge for Catholics

yeoman farmer vs. planter elite

yeoman: owned small plot of land sufficient to support a family and was tilled by servants and some family members

planter: owning many slaves to compound their success

Navigation Acts

series of laws that restricted the use of foreign ships for trade between the colonies and any country except Britain.

Bacons rebellion

In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon, a Virginia planter, led a group of 300 settlers in a war against the local Native Americans. When Virginia's royal governor questioned Bacon's actions, Bacon and his men looted and burned Jamestown. Bacon's Rebellion manifested the increasing hostility between the poor and wealthy in the Chesapeake region.

Pueblo revolt

Pueblo Indians rose up against Spanish missionaries and settlers; established a short-lived confederacy

Carolina

First settlers came from Barbados, first colony with people not from England

Period 2

Pilgrims

Wanted separation from the church of England

Puritans

Puritans: protestant who wanted to simplify forms of worship, abolish church hierarchy, emphasis on individual relationship

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

"City Upon a Hill"

A phrase that is associated with John Winthrop's sermon "A Model of Christian Charity," given in 1630. Winthrop warned the Puritan colonists of New England who were to found the Massachusetts Bay Colony that their new community would be a "city upon a hill," watched by the world.

Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson

Challenged John Winthrop's way of thinking, kicked out of Massachusetts and sent to Rhode Island because they held different beliefs and ideas

Salem witch trials

1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Massachusetts Bay puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress. Spectral evidence was used frequently.

New Netherland

A colony founded by the Dutch in the New World. It became New York.

Proprietary colonies

Colonies in which the proprietors (who had obtained their patents from the king) named the governors, subject to the king's approval.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preached a doctrine of pacifisms(violence is not right), inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

King Philips War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Middle Colonies

Delaware, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania; many families, indentured servants, religion was minor factor

Chesapeake

Virginia-Maryland bay area, site of the earliest colonial settlements; profit seeking, young single men, tobacco, free labor, indentured and slaves

New England

Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Rhode Island; family labor, white ownership, church members ranked highly, strict religion

Lower South

the Carolinas, concentrated on cash crops such as tobacco and rice; mostly slaves and wealthy whites

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Stono Rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

Southern Economy

Cotton production in the South created an economy and a society ruled by large landowners.

Enlightenment

A popular philosophical movement of the 1700s that focused on human reasoning, natural science, political and ethical philosophy.

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

Period 3

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

Albany Plan of Union

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

virtual representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization formed by Samuel Adams after the passage of the Stamp Act to protest various British acts; organization used both peaceful and violent means of protest

Daughters of Liberty

This organization supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent.

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."

Townshend Act

A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Committees of Correspondence

Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Coercive Acts

This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter solders in their own homes.

First Continental Congress

The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.

Lexington and Concord

"The Shot Heard Round the World"- The first battle of the Revolution in which British general Thomas Gage went after the stockpiled weapons of the colonists in Concord, Massachusetts.

Second Continental Congress

They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence

Olive Branch Petition

An offer of peace sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George lll

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Declaration of Independence

1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.

Patriots vs. Loyalists

Patriots Supported Independence, Loyalists remained loyal to the King of England

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

guerilla warfare

type of fighting in which soldiers use swift hit-and-run attacks against the enemy

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

Treaty of Paris

agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country 1783

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Land Ordinance 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.

Northwest Ordinance 1787

A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Set up the framework of a government for the Northwest territory. The Ordinance provided that the Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery in the Territory, and set 60,000 as the minimum population for statehood

Shays Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

Philadelphia Convention

(Constitutional) The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution.

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

New Jersey Plan

Opposite of the Virginia Plan, it proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. This created a conflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their population, and smaller states, who didn't want to be bullied by larger states.

Great Compromise

1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.

Three Fifths Compromise

the agreement by which the number of each state's representatives in Congress would be based on a count of all the free people plus three-fifths of the slaves

Federalists vs. Antifederalists

Federalists supported ratification, anti-federalist did not. Federalists preferred a strong, central government but anti-Federalists wanted power to go to individual states. Federalists had a broad interpretation, but anti-Federalists had a strict interpretation.

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments

A formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people of the United States, incorporated in the Constitution as Amendments 1-10, and in all state constitutions.

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

Republican motherhood

Expectation that women would instill Republican values in children and be active in families; helped increase education for women

Hamilton's Economic Plan

Wanted to combine Federal and State debt. Buy all bond and have government issue new ones to help with national debt

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

Jays Treaty

Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory

Pinckney's Treaty

Gave Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and trade at New Orleans

Haitian Revolution

A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans

federalists were led by Hamilton and Adams wanted a powerful national government to push for aggressive economic development. Republicans were led by Jefferson and Madison and wanted a small national government to leave the citizens mostly free of taxation or government interference (strict interoperation of the constitution)

XYZ Affair

1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress.

Alien Sedition Acts

Laws passed by congress in 1798 that enabled the government to imprison or deport aliens and to prosecute critics of the government

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Resolutions passed in 1798 that attacked the Alien and Sedition Acts as being unconstitutional

Period 4

1800-1848

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

Marbury vs Madison

1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review

judicial review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

Lewis and Clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

Barbary Pirates

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations