Psychology Paper 3- Forensic Psychology

Who used smallest space analysis to analyse 100 US murders committed by different serial killers in order to test the organised/disorganised typology?

Canter

Who reported that top down profiling has been applied for burglary, leading to an 85% rise in solved cases in 3 US states?

Meketa

Who argues that in real life situations it is difficult to classify killers as one type or another?

Godwin

Who argues that the sample of criminals which the FBI profiling was developed using was poor?

Canter et al

Who is a situational psychologist who argues that behaviour is more driven by situation than the person’s personality, meaning that the behavioural categories seen at crime scenes may tell us little about how the offender behaves in everyday life?

Mischel

Who found that some rapists want to maintain maximum control while others are more apologetic, the differences possibly implying the way that they act in everyday life?

Dwyer

Who found that rapists who concealed their fingerprints often had previous burglary convictions?

Davis et al

Who analysed 66 sexual assault cases using smallest space analysis and identified several behaviours seen in common across different criminals?

Canter and Heritage

Who found that while 75% of police officers in the UK said that advice from a profiler had been useful, only 3% said that the advice had helped them to identify the actual offender?

Copson

Who said that an offender’s operational base of future possible offences can be revealed through the geographical locations of their previous crimes?

Rossmo

Criminal geographical targeting (CGT) is based off of whose formula?

Rossmo

Who identified features about the place in which the crime was committed that linked to clues about the offender?

Canter & Youngs

Who has a circle theory that proposes two models of offender behaviour, the marauder and the commuter?

Canter

Who analysed the spacial consistency in the behaviours of the killers in 120 murder cases involving serial killers in the US?

Lundrigan & Canter

Who found that factors aside from location were also important in creating a profile, such as the timing of the offence?

Ainsworth

Who argued that if an offender’s home base isn’t in the centre of the circle, time may be wasted looking in the wrong place?

Petherick

Who proposed the atavistic form?

Lombroso

Who studied over 4000 alive and dead Italian convicts and found that 40% of crimes were due to the atavistic form?

Lombroso

Who accused Lombroso of scientific racism?

DeLisi

Who studied 3000 criminals and 3000 non-criminals and found no evidence of facial characteristic distinct to the criminal group?

Goring

Who studied over 3500 twin pairs born between 1880 and 1910 where one of the twins in each pair has a criminal record and found a genetic component in offending?

Christiansen

Who found that adopted children with a biological parent with a criminal record had a 50% chance of having a criminal record by age 18 while adopted children without a criminal biological parent had a 5% risk?

Crowe

Who identified two genetic abnormalities that may be associated with violent crime- the MAOA gene and the CDH13 gene?

Tiihonen et al

Who sampled 900 Finnish offenders and found that people with MAOA and CHD13 genes were 13x more likely to have a history of violent behaviour?

Tiihonen et al

Who studied the percentage of 13000 Danish adoptees who were convicted compared to whether their biological and/or adoptive parents had been convicted?

Medrick et al

Who found that people with antisocial personalities have reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex?

Raine et al

Who found that criminals’ empathy reactions activated only when they were asked to empathise with others?

Keysers

Who reviewed the link between frontal lobe damage (including prefrontal cortex) and antisocial behaviour and found that people with such damage often show impulsive behaviour, emotional instability and an inability to learn from their mistakes?

Kandel & Freed

Who studied a group of men who scored high on psychopathy and found that they had significant risk factors in childhood?

Farrington et al

Who created a psychological test that places pps on an extroversion scale and a neuroticism scale?

Eysenck

Who studied 2070 male prisoners compared to a control group and found that prisoners had higher extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism scores than the control group?

Eysenck

Who reviewed Eysenclk’s scale and found that offenders only score highly on scales of psychoticism?

Farrington et al

Who defined the criminal personality?

Eysenck

Who drew a distinction between offending behaviour in adolescence and behaviour that continues into adulthood?

Moffitt

Who studied Hispanic and African American offenders in a prison in New York and found that all 6 groups were less extraverted than a control group of non-offenders?

Bartol & Holanchock

Who identified three stages of moral reasoning?

Kohlberg

Who suggests that offenders are often more egocentric than non-offenders?

Chandler

Who used a SRM-SF to compare the moral reasoning of male and female non-offenders and offenders and found that the offender group showed less mature moral reasoning?

Palmer & Hollin

Who found that people who commit crimes for financial gain were more likely to show pre-conventional moral reasoning than those convicted of impulsive crimes?

Thorton & Reid

Who studied 55 violent offenders presented with images of emotionally ambiguous facial expressions and compared them to control group, finding that offenders were more likely to perceive the images as angry/hostile?

Schonenberg & Justye

Who showed children ‘ambigious provocation’ where the intentional was neither clearly hostile nor accidental?

Dodge & Frame

Who found that of 26 convicted rapists, 54% denied they had committed an offence and 40% minimised the harm that they had caused the victim?

Barbaree

Who found that 35% of a sample of child molesters said that the crime they had committed was non-sexual and 36% said the victim had consented?

Pollock & Hashmall

Who did questionnaires with sex offenders and found that non-contact sex offenders used more cognitive distortions than contact sex offenders?

Howitt & Sheldon

Who proposed the differential association theory?

Sutherland

Who studeid the development of offending and antisocial behaviour in other 400 men from the age of 8?

Farrington et al

Who argued that if the superego is inadequate, criminal behaviour is inevitable?

Blackburn

Who studied 10 offenders and found that all experienced guilt and need for self-punishment?

Goreta

Who believed that girls develop weaker superegos than boys?

Freud

Who found very few differences between girls and boys in terms of their ability to resist temptation?

Hoffman

Who identified 14 of 44 thieves as affectionless psychopaths?

Bowlby

Who analysed the data from interviews with 500 young people and found that maternal deprivation was a poor predictor of offending?

Lewis

Who surveyed the purpose of prisons?

Onepoll

Who claims that offenders who take part in college education programmes are 43% less likely to reoffend upon release?

Vera Institute of Justice

Who found that in prison in the last 20 yeras, suicide rates are 15x that of the general population?

Bartol

Who found that 24% of women and 15% of men in prison reported symptoms of psychosis?

Prison Reform Trust

Who implemented a token economy system in 3 institutions for young offenders and found a significant difference in the amount of posiitve behaviour compared to a control, fourth institution?

Hobbs & Holt

Who supported Hobbs & Holt’s findings by finding that token economy systems also work in adult institutions?

Allyon

Who studied offenders aged 17-21 in anger management programmes and found that offenders reported high levels of self-control and awareness?

Keen

Who studied Australian offenders and found that generally the anger management programme had little impact on people other than those who wanted to change?

Howells et al

Who did a meta analysis of 10 studies and found that restorative justice is never more harmful than the traditional justice system and is often significantly more effective?

Sherman & Strang

Who did a meta analysis of 24 studies and found lowered recidivism rates in adult offenders when they had an undergone restorative justice process?

Bain

Who believe that restorative processes aren’t as survivor-focused as reported?

Wood & Suzuki

Who suggests that offenders may use restorative justice to abuse the system?

Gijseghem

Who argues that the power imbalance between the abuser and the survivor may put pressure on the survivor during restorative justice?

Liebman

Who argeus that it is good to do restorative justice in abuse cases if the couple choose to stay together?

Sen et al