Studied by 25 peopleacid
molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
adhesion
attraction between molecules of different substances
example of adhesion
Attraction between water molecules and molecules that make up the inside of a xylem tube
aliphatic hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon consisting of a linear chain of carbon atoms
anion
negative ion that is formed by an atom gaining one or more electrons
aromatic hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon consisting of closed rings of carbon atoms
atom
the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element
atomic mass
calculated mean of the mass number for an element's isotopes
atomic number
total number of protons in an atom
balanced chemical equation
statement of a chemical reaction with the number of each type of atom equalized for both the products and reactants
base
molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
buffer
substance that resists a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions
calorie
amount of heat required to change the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius
capillary action
occurs because water molecules are attracted to charges on the inner surfaces of narrow tubular structures such as glass tubes, drawing the water molecules to the sides of the tubes
cation
positive ion that is formed by an atom losing one or more electrons
chemical bond
interaction between two or more of the same or different atoms that results in the formation of molecules
chemical reaction
process leading to the rearrangement of atoms in molecules
chemical reactivity
the ability to combine and to chemically bond with each other
cohesion
intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; responsible for surface tension
compound
substance composed of molecules consisting of atoms of at least two different elements
covalent bond
type of strong bond formed between two atoms of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are shared between atoms
dissociation
release of an ion from a molecule such that the original molecule now consists of an ion and the charged remains of the original, such as when water dissociates into H+ and OH-
electrolyte
ion necessary for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions and water balance
electron
negatively charged subatomic particle that resides outside of the nucleus in the electron orbital; lacks functional mass and has a negative charge of -1 unit
electron configuration
arrangement of electrons in an atom's electron shell
electron orbital
how electrons are spatially distributed surrounding the nucleus; the area where an electron is most likely to be found
electron transfer
movement of electrons from one element to another; important in creation of ionic bonds
electronegativity
ability of some elements to attract electrons (often of hydrogen atoms), acquiring partial negative charges in molecules and creating partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms
element
one of 118 unique substances that cannot be broken down into smaller substances; each element has unique properties and a specified number of protons
enantiomers
molecules that share overall structure and bonding patterns, but differ in how the atoms are three dimensionally placed such that they are mirror images of each other
equilibrium
steady state of relative reactant and product concentration in reversible chemical reactions in a closed system
evaporation
separation of individual molecules from the surface of a body of water, leaves of a plant, or the skin of an organism
functional group
group of atoms that provides or imparts a specific function to a carbon skeleton
geometric isomer
isomer with similar bonding patterns differing in the placement of atoms alongside a double covalent bond
heat of vaporization of water
high amount of energy required for liquid water to turn into water vapor
hydrocarbon
molecule that consists only of carbon and hydrogen
hydrogen bond
weak bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms to slightly negatively charged atoms in other molecules
hydrophilic
describes ions or polar molecules that interact well with other polar molecules such as water
hydrophobic
describes uncharged non-polar molecules that do not interact well with polar molecules such as water
inert gas (noble gas)
element with filled outer electron shell that is unreactive with other atoms
ion
atom or chemical group that does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons
ionic bond
chemical bond that forms between ions with opposite charges (cations and anions)
irreversible chemical reaction
chemical reaction where reactants proceed uni-directionally to form products
isomers
molecules that differ from one another even though they share the same chemical formula
isotope
one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons
law of mass action
chemical law stating that the rate of a reaction is proportional to the concentration of the reacting substances
litmus paper
(also, pH paper) filter paper that has been treated with a natural water-soluble dye that changes its color as the pH of the environment changes so it can be used as a pH indicator
mass number
total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
matter
anything that has mass and occupies space
molecule
two or more atoms chemically bonded together
neutron
uncharged particle that resides in the nucleus of an atom; has a mass of one amu
nonpolar covalent bond
type of covalent bond that forms between atoms when electrons are shared equally between them
nucleus
core of an atom; contains protons and neutrons
octet rule
rule that atoms are most stable when they hold eight electrons in their outermost shells
orbital
region surrounding the nucleus; contains electrons
organic molecule
any molecule containing carbon (except carbon dioxide)
periodic table
organizational chart of elements indicating the atomic number and atomic mass of each element; provides key information about the properties of the elements
pH scale
scale ranging from zero to 14 that is inversely proportional to the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
polar covalent bond
type of covalent bond that forms as a result of unequal sharing of electrons, resulting in the creation of slightly positive and slightly negative charged regions of the molecule
product
molecule found on the right side of a chemical equation
proton
positively charged particle that resides in the atom's nucleus; has a mass of one amu and a charge of +1
radioisotope
isotope that emits radiation composed of subatomic particles to form more stable elements
reactant
molecule found on the left side of a chemical equation
reversible chemical reaction
chemical reaction that functions bi-directionally, where products may turn into reactants if their concentration is great enough
solvent
substance capable of dissolving another substance
specific heat capacity
the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius
sphere of hydration
when polar water molecules surround charged or polar molecules thus keeping them dissolved and in solution
structural isomers
molecules that share a chemical formula but differ in the placement of their chemical bonds
substituted hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon chain or ring containing an atom of another element in place of one of the backbone carbons
surface tension
tension at the surface of a body of liquid that prevents the molecules from separating; created by the attractive cohesive forces between the molecules of the liquid
valence shell
outermost shell of an atom
van der Waals interaction
very weak interaction between molecules due to temporary charges attracting atoms that are very close together
alpha-helix structure (α-helix)
type of secondary structure of proteins formed by folding of the polypeptide into a helix shape with hydrogen bonds stabilizing the structure
amino acid
monomer of a protein; has a central carbon or alpha carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and an R group or side chain is attached; the R group is different for all 20 amino acids
beta-pleated sheet (β-pleated)
secondary structure found in proteins in which "pleats" are formed by hydrogen bonding between atoms on the backbone of the polypeptide chain
biological macromolecule
large molecule necessary for life that is built from smaller organic molecules
carbohydrate
biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen and to oxygen is 1:2:1; serve as energy sources and structural support in cells and form the a cellular exoskeleton of arthropods
cellulose
a polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of plants and provides structural support to the cell
chaperone (also, chaperonin)
protein that helps nascent protein in the folding process
chitin
type of carbohydrate that forms the outer skeleton of all arthropods that include crustaceans and insects; it also forms the cell walls of fungi
dehydration synthesis (condensation)
reaction that links monomer molecules together, releasing a molecule of water for each bond formed
denaturation
loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
double-helical molecule that carries the hereditary information of the cell
disaccharide
two sugar monomers that are linked together by a glycosidic bond
enzyme
catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein
glycogen
storage carbohydrate in animals
glycosidic bond
bond formed by a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides with the elimination of a water molecule
hormone
a chemical signaling molecule, usually a protein or steroid, secreted by an endocrine gland or group of endocrine cells; acts to control or regulate specific physiological processes
hydrolysis
reaction that causes breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules by utilizing water
lipid
macromolecule that is nonpolar and insoluble in water
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
RNA that carries information from DNA to ribosomes during protein synthesis
monomer
smallest unit of larger molecules called polymers
monosaccharide
a single unit or monomer of carbohydrates
nucleic acid
biological macromolecule that carries the genetic blueprint of a cell and carries instructions for the functioning of the cell
nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids; contains a pentose sugar, one or more phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base
omega fat
type of polyunsaturated fat that is required by the body; the numbering of the carbon omega starts from the methyl end or the end that is farthest from the carboxylic end
peptide bond
bond formed between two amino acids by a dehydration reaction
phosphodiester linkage
covalent chemical bond that holds together the polynucleotide chains with a phosphate group linking neighboring nucleotides' two pentose sugars
phospholipid
major constituent of the membranes; composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate-containing group attached to a glycerol backbone
polymer
chain of monomer residues that is linked by covalent bonds; _______ization is the process of _______ formation from monomers by condensation
Note
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