Unit 0 ap psychology

Hindsight Bias

the tendency to think that we could have predicted something that has already occurred that we probably wouldn’t have been able to predict

Falsifiability

possibility that an idea(theory,hypothesis) can be disproved by observation or experiment

Hypothesis

a testable prediction often implied by a theory

Case study

a non-experimental technique that analyses in depth past individual or group in to find the result

Replication

repeating a research study with different participants, materials, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced

Operational definition

carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research. how was the research measured

Social desirability bias

respond to a survey in a way that they think will please the researcher

Self report bias

when people don’t accurately report or remember their behavior

experimental

cause and effect, control group, random assignment, independent variable

Non-experimental

meta-analysis, correlations, natural observation, case study

Survey

a non-experimental technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behavior of a particular group, usually by questioning

Peer review

scientific expert who evaluate a research article’s theory, originally and accurately before it published

sample

a portion of population taken for an analysis, a study or experiment

Natural observation

a non-experimental technique of observing and recording behavior in a naturally occurring situation without manipulating the situation

Convenience samples

collecting research from group that is readily available such as friends at school rather than a sample that would represent every student at school

Population

a group of people being studied from which random samples may be drowned

Random sampling

selection from a larger population where each member has equal chances of selection

Correlation does not equal to causation

two things are related but it doesn’t prove one causes the other

Scatter plots

graphed cluster of dot, in which each represent the values of two variables

Negative correlation

one variable decreases as the other increases

Positive correlation

when both variable increase at the same time

Directionanility problem

Sampling bias

when the sample is not representative of the larger population leading to inaccurate result

Third variable problem

when an unseen factor influences both variables being studied making it hard to tell if one actually causes to the other

Regression Toward the mean

tendency or unusual scores or event to fall back toward the average (extreme result score such as lower than expected test scores)

Experiment

research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect

Experimental group

The group that is exposed to treatment

Control group

the group that is not exposed to the treatment

Placebo group

the group in a study that gets a fake treatment to compare with the real one

Random assignment

assign participant to a group by chance, to ensure fairness

Single blind procedure

experimental procedure in which participant don’t know whether they received a treatment or placebo