Language Development Flashcards

Flashcards covering the stages of language development, theorists, and key frameworks.

Cooing

4-6 months, no consonants or vowels

Babbling

6-12 months, phonemes with consonants and vowels

Variegated babbling

6-12 months, vocal play with different sounds

Pronto Words

6-12 months, made up words with no semantic content

Holophrastic

12-16 months, single words derived from daily environment

Over-extension

Word used more broadly, not specific

Under-extension

Word used in a limited way

Two-word

18-24 months, basic utterances with emitted words

MLU

At 12-26 months should be 1.75 morphemes per sentence

Telegraphic

2-3 years, longer utterances, understanding of grammar

Content words

Convey meaning and function words

Virtuos Error

Errors in morphology, but underlying errors represent knowledge

Post-telegraphic

3+ years, use grammatically more complex combinations

Katherine Nelson

12-18 months, divided into 4 categories (naming, action, social, modifying), 60% of first words were nouns

Jean Aitchison

12-18 months, 3 stages - Labelling, Packaging, Networking

Labelling

Link between words and objects

Packaging

Understanding range of meanings

Networking

Building connections between words

Halliday

7 functions of pragmatic development

Instrumental

Express needs + wants

Regulatory

Commands + wanting things

Interactional

Strengthen social relationships

Personal

Develop identity, express feelings + personal preferences

Representational

Communicate information to others

Heuristic

Explore environment + seek information

Imaginative

To play + imaginative world

B.F. Skinner

Language has to be taught through reinforcement

Noam Chomsky

Born with an innate knowledge of language and universal grammar (LAD)

Jean Piaget

Children need to develop certain mental abilities before acquiring particular aspects of language.

Sensorimotor

Develops understanding of object permanence

Pre-operational

Speech/actions are egocentric, lexical development centers own life

Concrete operational

Capable of logical thoughts

ZPD (Lev Vygotsky)

Gap between what child can do with and without guidance

MKO (Lev Vygotsky)

Adult who helps child with ZPD

Lev Vygotsky

Social interaction is crucial for language development

Barry Krole

Stages of writing development

Preparatory

Basic motor skills + functions

Consolidation (writing)

Writing reflects spoken language eg simple utterances

Differentiation (writing)

Awareness of writing as distinct from speech

Integration (writing)

Personal voice + style emerges

Kathy Barclay

Stages of writing development

Rick Traw

Emphasised that writing is a process of making meaning, not just transcribing spoken language

Ferrero + Teberosky

Children expect written names to be proportional to size/age

Lexis and Semantics frameworks

Concrete nouns dominate early vocab

Grammar frameworks

MLU (Brown) for speech, Overgeneralisation of tense, plurals, Development of negation, question forms, Sentence types: simple → compound → complex

Phonology frameworks

Substitution, deletion, assimilation, Intonation patterns and stress

Discourse frameworks

Topic management (initiation, response), Turn-taking, adjacency pairs (speech), Structure of narratives and recounts (writing)

Graphology frameworks

Directionality, letter formation, Spacing, punctuation, Use of upper/lower case