ch15 health in global community

globalization

the process of increasing social and economic dependence and integration as capital, goods, persons, concepts, images, ideas, and values cross state boundaries

population characteristics

• the worlds population is growing at a fast rate with the greatest growth in resource-poor countries

• large populations cause pressure on society, especially when faced with famine, international trade issues, war, pandemics, etc

• overcrowding also leads to pollution, stress and disease - all barriers to economic growth

inequities

differences in health status or in the distribution of health resources between different population groups, arising from the social conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age

influencing factors of inequities

education, employment status, income level, gender, and ethnicity

international patterns of health and disease: key points

low and middle income countries…

• have poorest overall health outcomes

• need health policies and intervention

have below average access to essential health services

• need to build health systems with improved access to quality health services, to lower HC cost, and strengthen the health workforce

while communicable disease control in improving, non-communicable disease (NCD) accounts for a large portion of global death

• need increased care for non communicable diseases such as obesity and mental health

other finding - international

health information systems and health preparations knowledge not sufficient to meet timelines to prevent, detect, assess, report, and respond to public health emergencies

• need to strength health information systems and education for emergencies

in the last 20 years, substantial improvement in infectious disease, maternal, neonatal, and child healthcare

• need to monitor to maintain progress and identify high-risk and resource-limited populations

international patterns of health

developed countries have reduced infectious disease rates due to improvements in sanitation, nutrition, immunization, and healthcare

primary causes of death

ischemic heart disease, stroke, COPD, pneumonia, tracheal and bronchus lung cancer, dementia, diabetes, diarrheal diseases, TB, kidney disease, COVID-19 (leading cause in 2020)

other causes of high mortality in developing countries

AIDS- out of top 10 but still a concern

TB

Malaria- mosquitos- vaccine are improving

Hep B- blood, semen, vaginal fluids

Rheumatic heart disease- untreated group A strep- strep throat/scarlet fever

Parasitic infection

Dengue fever- mosquitos

COVID-19

Tobacco use and exposure

healthcare organizations

International: united nations (UN), World Health Organization (WHO), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), UNICEF, NGOs (non governmental Orgs), CDC

National: HP 2030

United Nations- 193 members

made up of funds, agencies, and programs to achieve its goal of “peace, dignity, and equality on a healthy planet”

SDGs adopted in 2015:

• a call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity

• recognizing that there needs to be a balance between social, economic, and environmental sustainability

Strategic Development goals (SDG)

no poverty, zero hunger, good health and well being, quality education, gender equality, clean water and sanitation, affordable and clean energy, decent work and economic growth, industry, innovation, and infrastructure, reduced inequalities, sustainable cities and communities, responsible consumption and production, climate action, life below water, life on land, peace, justice and strong institutions, partnerships for the goals

WHO

international health agency of the UN

• primary role to direct and coordinate international health efforts, disseminate global health standards and guidelines, and help countries address public health concerns within the UN system

“health for all” -stressing health as a fundamental right

PAHO

international public health agency of UN, regional office of the WHO

• to improve the health and living standards of the Americas

UNICEF: UN Children’s Fund

purpose is to address the needs of women and children throughout the world

works for children’s survival development and protection

• by developing and implementing community-based programs with documented achievements in child health nutrition, education, water, sanitation and women’s rights

UN System: World bank

mission:

• end extreme poverty by reducing the share of global population that lives in extreme poverty to 3% by 2030

• promote shared prosperity by increasing the incomes of the poorest 40% of people in every country

HP 2030

began 1979 to target critical public health priorities and challenges

10 year measurable objective with national targets

updated each decade to reflect data supported progress and new concerns

Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC)

began 1946 to help control malaria

now is principal agency tasked with protecting the health and safety of all Americans and providing essential services

recognized globally for conducting and applying research to improve daily lives and respond to health emergencies

nongovernmental organizations

carter center and the gates foundation

doctors without borders, St Jude Children’s Hospital, Red Cross, Goodwill, Habitat for Humanity, YMCA

International council of nurses (ICN)

founded 1899 ro represent nurses; currently about 20 million in 135 countries

to ensure quality nursing care for all; sound health policies; the advancement of nursing knowledge; and the presence of a respected, competent, and satisfied nursing workforce worldwide

role of community/public health nurse

remember, nurse are the largest segment of the healthcare workforce

nurses collaborate and work with the community to create lasting change

we plan, evaluate, and develop policy to promote and restore health to individuals, families and communities across settings and geographic boundaries

we advocate for health programs and fundings that affect those in our country and abroad, such as vaccine initiatives or emergency aid during crisis

key elements and effective models

empower the community

• get everyone engaged and invested

• get input from the community

• who are the “champions'“ of the project

using the nursing process

• ADPIE with ICAM

ICAM: international community assessment model

a globally diverse framework to help assess a community

• data/population characteristics gathering guide

• helps the community and those affected at the center

• considers internal and external forces