Veterinary Physiology: Metabolism Overview

What is the primary source of energy in most animals?

Carbohydrates are the primary and most immediate source of energy.

What is the central molecule in carbohydrate metabolism?

Glucose is the central molecule in carbohydrate metabolism.

What are the end products of glycolysis per glucose molecule?

2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate.

Where does glycolysis occur?

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.

What is glycogenesis?

Glycogenesis is the synthesis of glycogen from glucose for storage.

What is glycogenolysis?

Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose when energy is needed.

What is gluconeogenesis?

Gluconeogenesis is the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, predominantly occurring in the liver.

What does the pentose phosphate pathway generate?

The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate.

How does insulin affect carbohydrate metabolism?

Insulin promotes glucose uptake, glycogenesis, and glycolysis, while inhibiting gluconeogenesis.

What role does glucagon play in carbohydrate metabolism?

Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

What is the significance of epinephrine in carbohydrate metabolism?

Epinephrine enhances glycogenolysis during stress.

How do carnivores primarily obtain glucose?

Carnivores rely heavily on gluconeogenesis using amino acids.

What is transamination in protein metabolism?

Transamination is the transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to a keto acid.

What is deamination?

Deamination is the removal of the amino group to produce ammonia and a carbon skeleton.

How is ammonia processed in mammals?

Ammonia is converted to urea in mammals.

What happens to carbon skeletons during amino acid catabolism?

Carbon skeletons enter the TCA cycle as intermediates like pyruvate and acetyl-CoA.

What is lipolysis?

Lipolysis is the breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids.

Where does lipolysis occur?

Lipolysis occurs in adipose tissue.

What is beta-oxidation?

Beta-oxidation is the breakdown of fatty acids in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA.

What is ketogenesis?

Ketogenesis is the conversion of acetyl-CoA into ketone bodies during carbohydrate deficiency.

What is lipogenesis?

Lipogenesis is the synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA, primarily in the liver and adipose tissue.

How does insulin affect fat metabolism?

Insulin promotes lipogenesis and inhibits lipolysis.

What is the role of glucagon and epinephrine in fat metabolism?

Glucagon and epinephrine stimulate lipolysis and ketogenesis.

What are volatile fatty acids and their significance in ruminants?

Volatile fatty acids are precursors for fat synthesis produced by ruminants.