Representations of Different Social Groups in the Media

Mulhern (Nationality)

Irish nationals are stereotyped as: homesick and drinking bad Guinness while listening to bad ballads in London, and, too successful to be homesick while making megabucks in the City, and reporting the good wealth home via Skype. Example: Mrs Brown’s Boys.

Vir, Hall and Foye (Nationality)

Highlands feel under-represented and Scottish person is always an abusive drunk. Example: Groundskeeper Willie from the Simpsons.

Graham (Nationality)

Force nationals into Tv and tokenism. Example: Gavin and Stacy.

Vir, Hall and Foye (Nationality)

In Wales reality TV is exploitive. Example: Dirty Sanchez and The Valleys.

Van Dijk (Traditional/Negative Ethnicity)

Longitudinal, content analysis, criminals, abnormal, a threat, dependent and unimportant. Example: Stacey Dooley documentary.

Malik (Traditional/Negative Ethnicity)

Poor, Channel 4, tokenism and stereotyping and lack of black and Asian people in power within media. Example: Channel 4.

Barker (Traditional/Negative Ethnicity)

Eastenders and stereotyping. Example: Eastenders.

Husband and Hartman (Traditional/Negative Ethnicity)

Blacks as inferior and racial conflict. Example: BBC News.

Hall (Traditional/Negative Ethnicity)

Blacks as natives, entertainers and slaves and the white eye. Example: Good Luck Charlie.

Moghissi (Traditional/Negative Ethnicity)

Huddled together. Example: BBC News.

Children Now - Fair Play (Traditional/Negative Ethnicity)

Stereotypes in video games. Example: Marvel video games.

Malik (Changing/Positive Ethnicity)

Inclusive of ethnic minorities.

Barker (Changing/Positive Ethnicity)

More characters from black backgrounds that reflect the demographic of London and ethnic minority characters have more significant roles.

Hall (Changing/Positive Ethnicity)

‘Over racism’ and ‘inferential racism’.

Gill (Hybridity)

Blasian and Brasian. Example: Jay Sean, Zayn Malik.

Nayak (Hybridity)

‘White Wannabes’. Example: Professor Green.

Tunstall (Traditional/Negative Femininity)

Women’s domestic, sexual, consumer and marital activities and ignore they go out to work. Example: Baywatch.

Tuchman (Traditional/Negative Femininity)

‘Symbolic annihilation’, mothers house wives and sex objects. Example: Wolf of Wall Street.

Ferguson (Traditional/Negative Femininity)

Cult of Femininity.

Glascock (Traditional/Negative Femininity)

Males more physically aggressive and females more verbally aggressive. Example: Mean Girls.

Katz (Traditional/Negative Masculinity)

Epidemic of male violence, hegemonic masculine ideals of violence, sexism and homophobic ways of thinking. Example: Call of Duty.

Easthorpe (Traditional/Negative Masculinity)

Masculinity is based on strength, aggression, competition and violence is biologically determined. Example: Marvel.

Gauntlett (Traditional/Negative Masculinity)

Magazines sexually objectify women and retributive masculinity. Example: Andrew Tate.

Gill (Changing/Positive Femininity)

In adverts women are active, independent and sexually powerful. Example: This Girl Can advert.

Westwood (Changing/Positive Femininity)

‘Transgressive female roles’. Example: Doctor Who.

Glascock (Changing/Positive Femininity)

Range of femininities like independent women. Example: Rapunzel.

Gauntlett (Changing/Positive Femininity)

Lead female roles, magazines aimed at women show independence, Lady Gaga lyrics and tough and independent whilst being sexy, male and female become more equal. Example: I’m a free woman and Friends.

Easthorpe (Changing/Positive Masculinity)

Magazines aimed at men, emotionally vulnerable, treat women as equal and care more about appearance. Example: GQ magazine.

Nixon (Changing/Positive Masculinity)

Levi’s Launderette advert.

Mort (Changing/Positive Masculinity)

‘New Man’. Example: Levi’s Launderette advert.

Whannel (Changing/Positive Masculinity)

David Beckham and his metrosexuality and traditional sexuality.

Nairn (Traditional Upper Class)

Royal family are like us but not like us, soap opera and reinforce sense of national identity. Example: Queens funeral, Prince Harry.

Leech (Traditional Middle Class)

Ideal, cereal packet family and what the family should be. Example: Friday Night Dinner.

Newman (Traditional Working Class)

Stereotyped, labelled and high unemployment. Example: Vile product of welfare UK.

Dodd and Dodd (Traditional Working Class)

Eastenders presents nostalgic view of communities.

Jones (Traditional Working Class)

Chav and Chavtainment. Example: Little Britain.

Baumberg et al (Traditional Underclass)

False narrative, benefits are ‘undeserving’. Example: dependency, non-reciprocity.

Golding and Middleton (Traditional Underclass)

Moral panics, content analysis, welfare issues not discussed unless crime, fraud and sex.

Price

Poverty Porn. Example: Jeremy Kyle.

Nairn (Changing Upper Class)

Becoming negative. Example: Prince Charles was caught advising Government policy.

Reiner (Changing Upper Class)

Wealthy people show hard work, success, meritocracy, culture of consumption and materialism. Example: Molly Mae.

Devereux (Changing Working Class)

Royle Family shows family as happy and deserving poor.

Dodd and Dodd (Changing Working Class)

Eastenders introduced realism.

Price (Changing Underclass)

Discourse analysis of Benefit Street, compassionate people captured by an unfair society.

Heintz-Knowles (Traditional Childhood and Youth)

Children in TV, content analysis and based on an adult perspective of children. Example: Tracy Beaker.

Griffin (Traditional Childhood and Youth)

Deviant (Sex Education), dysfunctional (13 Reasons Why) and suffering deficit (Euphoria).

Wayne (Traditional Childhood and Youth)

Young people are mostly portrayed committing crime and ignores housing, education, health, unemployment and parental abuse. Example: UK Teens Worst Behaved In Europe.

Women in Journalism (Traditional Childhood and Youth)

‘Hoodies or Alter Boys’. Example: a 14-year-old boy who has ‘fixation’ with knives stabbed a man to death.

Kelly (Traditional Childhood and Youth)

Language to describe children as dangerous, in need of protection and immature. Example: children killing children: teen knife crime epidemic and Brianna Guy.

Cohen (Traditional Childhood and Youth)

Folk Devils and Moral Panics. Example: Mods and Rockers.

Landis (Traditional Elderly)

One dimensional, having wisdom, grumpy old man and sickly old person. Example: Dumbledor.

Cuddy and Fiske (Traditional Elderly)

Play minor roles and form of comedy.

Milner et al (Traditional Elderly)

Challenges of getting older alongside active ageing.

Carrigan and Szmigin (Traditional Elderly)

Less likely in adverts, smelly and incompetent.

Examples of tv dramas that show realistic portrayals of childhood (Changing Childhood and Youth)

Childs point of view. Example: Pretty Little Liars.

Postman (Changing Childhood and Youth)

Children are sexualised and are becoming adults. Example: Songs.

Osgerby (Changing Childhood and Youth)

Youth reflect wider cultural developments. Example: Greta Thunberg.

Lee et al (Changing Elderly)

underrepresented but showed active lifestyles, older men are more visible and older men are associated with high status. Example: Benecol advert.

Biggs (Changing Elderly)

Older people appearing in soap operas. Example: Eastenders and Gangsta Granny.

Carrigan and Szmigin (Changing Elderly)

‘Grey pound’, positive images and conglomerates target the elderly. Example: Virgin.