Ch.1 Intro to Anatomy

List the common characteristics shared by living things.

1. Composed of Cells

2. Complex structural arrangement

3. Detect and respond to stimuli

4. Stable internal environment

5. Organisms grow and develop

6. Reproduction

7. Metabolism

What is anabolic metabolism?

• Anabolic: consumption thats builds you up (body building)

What is catabolic metabolism?

• Catabolic: consumption that is broken down to provide energy

What is growth versus development?

• Growth: increasing in size

• Development: maturation

Describe the process of life of respiration.

• Delivers O2 to cardiovascular system and cardiovascular system removes CO2 (waste gas)

Describe the process of life of digestion.

• Mechanical (teeth) and chemical processes (stomach acid) to convert to absorbable substances

Describe the process of life of circulation.

• Distribution of O2, wastes, and digestion productions

What are the types of wastes?

• Metabolic wastes; urea

• Respiratory wastes; CO2

Describe the process of life of excretion.

• Eliminates undigested food (feces) and wastes of metabolism (urea)

  • urea

What is anatomy?

• Cutting open; study of structures, physical relationship

What is physiology?

• Study of functions

Describe the anatomical position?

• Stand erect, face forward (anterior), arms at side, palms anterior facing

What is supine position vs prone position?

• Anatomical position Laying Down:

  • Supine: face up

  • Prone: face down

What is dorsal? Ventral?

• Dorsal: back

• Ventral: front

What is posterior? Anterior?

• Posterior: back

• Anterior: front

What is proximal? Distal? When is it used?

• Used to describe on same LIMB

  • Proximal: Top

  • Distal: Bottom

What is cranial? What is caudal? When is it used?

• Used to describe upper body ONLY

  • Cranial: Top

  • Caudal: Bottom

What is medial? Lateral?

• Medial: toward midline

• Lateral: away from midline

What is gross anatomy?

• Gross (macroscopic): visible to eye

What is microscopic anatomy?

• Microscopic: need a microscope to see

What can you see with dissecting microscope?

• See tissue

  • least magnification

  • larger object

What can you see with light microscope?

• Basic cell structure

  • medium magnification

  • medium object

What can you see with electron microscope?

• Individual molecules

  • smallest object

  • largest magnification

Link between anatomy and physiology

• Structure determines function

What are the six levels of organization?

1. Organism level

2. Organ System level

3. Organ level

4. Tissue level

5. Cellular level

6. Chemical level

What are organ systems?

• Consist of organs and interact to perform functions

  • 11

What are organs?

• Individual general structures in organ systems (nails, hair, etc)

What is the function of integumentary system?

• Protects against hazards and controls body temp.

What is the functions of skeletal system?

• Support, protects tissues, stores minerals forms blood cells

What are the functions of muscular system?

• Produce movement, posture, generates heat

What are the functions of the nervous system?

• Directs immediate response to stimuli

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

• Directs changes with hormones; chemical messengers

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

• Transports RBCs, WBCs, nutrients, hormones, wastes, gases,

  • Get rid of CO2

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

• Defends against infection, regulates body fluid levels

What are the functions of respiratory system?

• Gas exchange between air and circulating blood

• Produces sound

What are the functions of digestive system?

• Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients

What are the functions of the urinary system?

• Eliminates excess water, salts, wastes (wastes from blood)

What are the functions of the female reproductive system? What are the structures

• Produces sex cells, for embryonic development

  • mammary glands: milk production

  • ovary: sex cells

  • Uterus: fetus incubator

What system are hair, nails, epidermis, glands found in?

• Integumentary sytem (skin)

What system are ligaments, the axial and appendicular skeleton a part of?

• Skeletal System

  • ligaments: connect bone to bone

What system are tendons, the axial, and appendicular muscles a part of?

• Muscular system (skeletal muscle system)

  • Tendons: connect bone to muscle

  • Diaphragm

What is the central nervous system?

• Part of Nervous System

  • Brain and Spinal cord

What is the peripheral nervous system?

• Part of Nervous system

  • Nerves exiting brian/spinal cord

What system are the testes, ovaries, adrenal glands, thyroid gland, pineal gland, pituitary gland, and pancreas a part of?

• Endocrine System

What system is the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries a part of?

• Cardiovascular system

  • Arteries: carry blood away

  • Veins: carry blood toward

  • Capillaries: exchange sites

What system are the lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels a part of?

• Lymphatic system

  • Lymph nodes; fight off cancer, bad if not detecting

What system is the trachea, lungs, larynx, and bronchi a part of?

• Respiratory system

What is the function of the trachea and larynx?

• Respiratory system

  • Trachea: wind pipe

  • Larynx: vocal cords, beginning of trachea

What is the function of the bronchi?

• Bronchi: tubes branching for air conduction (breathing_

What system is the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus a part of?

• Digestive system

Structure of Digestive System in Order

• Oral cavity —> pharynx —> esophagus —> stomach —> large intestine —> small intestine —> anus

What is the function of the kidney and ureter?

• Urinary System

  1. Kidney: Filters waste from blood

  2. Ureter: passages waste to bladder

What is the function of urinary bladder and urethra?

• Urinary System

  3. Urinary bladder: stores urine

  4. Urethra: releases urine

• Urine: waste of cells

What are the 4 Quadrants of the Body

1. Right Upper Quadrant

2. Left Upper Quadrant

3. Right Lower Quadrant

4. Left Upper Quadrant

Difference between Abdominopelvic Regions and Abdominopelvic Quadrants

• Regions; 9 spaces (tic tac to)

• Quadrants; 4 spaces

What is the midsagittal plane?

• Parallel to long axis

• Midsagittal; divides left from right on MIDLINE

What is the parasagittal plane?

• Parallel to long axis

• Parasagittal; divides left from right OFF midline

What is the frontal or coronal plane?

• Oriented parallel to long axis

• Divides anterior from posterior

What is the transverse/horizontal plane?

• Divides superior from inferior

• Cross section

What are directional terms used for?

• Points of reference

• Use anatomical position

What is superficial? Deep? (Directional Terms)

• Superficial: near the surface

• Deep: toward interior/center of body

What type of section would separate the two eyes?

• Midsagittal plane

What type of section would separate the nose and two ears?

What type of section would separate the neck and navel?

What are body cavities? What are they covered by?

• Body cavities: closed fluid filled chambers holding organs

  • covered by serous membrane

What are the functions of body cavities?

1. Protect organs from shock/impacts

2. Permit changes in size/shape of organs

What is the definition of viscera?

• Viscera: internal organs enclosed by body cavity

  • connected to rest of body

What is an example of viscera?

• Heart surrounded by pericardial cavity

  • Pericardium (around heart)

What is the lines the pericardial cavity? What does it do?

• Serous membrane; lines pericardial cavity

• Secretes fluid keeping it moist/reducing friction