Performance and Drugs Exam 2

Risks of homologous blood transfusion

Hemolytic, allergenic reactions

Infection( Hepatitis, HIV)

Renal issues

Transfusion related acute lung injury

SNS neurotransmitters

Adrenaline, Noradrenaline, Dopamine, 5-HTP

Autologous transfusion

transfusion of one’s own blood

Homologous transfusion

transfusion of blood taken from another person with the same blood type

Adding 50-70 Hb to athletes blood increases ______ by ________

10 k improvement of _____

VO2 max ; 175-245 mL ; 30 s-1 minute

Operacion Puerto

Dr. Eufemiano Fuentes blood doping services in spain (blood bags found)

Mechanism in which blood doping increases oxygen carrying capacity

More hemoglobin(Hb) = more oxygenated blood carrying capacity

methods of autologous blood doping

Draw 1-4 units of blood from athlete

Treated/packed RBCs stored at 4 degrees C

Return to baseline blood levels for 8-12 weeks

Reinfused prior to competition

timeframe of aerobic performance enhancement for blood doping

effects last 10-12 days, return to baseline after 8-12 weeks

Hemoglobin concentration _____ ______ with altitude

rises linearly

which sports/athletic events are more prone for blood doping

aerobic sports (like cycling)

Notable athlete associated with blood doping

Tyler Hamilton (American cyclist)

When WADA prohibits blood doping

at all times

Effectiveness of altitude-simulating tents, technology, and masks

contradictory results - masks dont work

ideal/optimal method of altitude training

Live High, train low

Does altitude affect the composition of air

no, air composition does not change

How altitude affects partial pressure of oxygen

PO2 decreases with altitude

Live High train low exercise effects:

increased VO2, 5K performance and RBC

Hematocrit cutoff for males (EPO)

50%

Clinical uses for EPO

Treatment of severe cases of anemia

chronic kidney disease, myelodysplasia from cancer treatment, HIV infection, prematurity, bone marrow transplantation, autologous blood transfusion

Danger of synthetic EPO use

blood may become too thick and cause heart failure

2001 Findland Skier Scandal (plasma expanders)

Jari Isometsa, misplaced medical bag found near gas station (EPO/plasma expanders), six skiers tested positive

Most common form of gene-doping/manipulation

sharing urine samples

Types of manipulation

Tampering with samples and intravenous infusions and/or injections

WADA’s regulation on intravenous infusion

Prohibited at all times (in and out of competition) unless legitimately received as clinical treatment

When does WADA prohibit gene doping

At all times (in and out of competition)

2 basic mechanisms of actions of stimulants

1. mimic neurotransmitter effects

2. increase secretion of these neurotransmitters

Side effects of ephedrine

anxiety

dysrhythmias

HTN

Addiction

Seizure

Psychosis

Death

side effects of amphetamines

Anxiety, indifference, irresponsible behavior, irritability, restlessness, dry mouth, tremors, insomnia, confusion, delirium, sweating, palpitations, rapid breathing, tachycardia, HTN, chronic use may lead to decrease libido, withdrawal associated with mental and ohysical depression

Different types of stimulants:

Caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine, sympathomimetics, modafinil

Types of sympathomimetics

ephedrine, pseuduoephedrine, phenylephrine (more of a placebo), phenylpropanolamine (PPA)

Performance enhancing effects of caffeine & ephedrine

increases muscular endurance

enhances anaerobic exercise performance

small amount of weight loss

Performance enhancing effects of cocaine

increased HR and TTE and blood lactate

epinephrine use (heat stroke and cardiac events) athlete

Knud Jensen (1960)

stimulant use (heat stroke and cardiac events) athlete

Tom simpson (1967)

Types of narcotics

Analgestic, Non-narcotic/opioid, Narcotic (opioid), morphine, diamorphine (heroin), codeine, dihydrocodeine

Opiates vs opioids

opioids is the umbrella term, opiates are naturally occurring opioids in the body

Physiological effects of narcotics

stimulate the same receptors endorphins act upon to induce similar or more profound analgesia and euphoria > nociception and sense of well being

Mechanism of action of opioids

Inhibits the generation and transmission of nerve impulses in the peripheral pain fibers

When opioids bind to receptor:

inhibits adenylate cyclase and calcium channels

leads to decrease excitability of neurons/pain signals

Clinical uses for narcotics

post injury for pain management, acute diarrhea( anti-motility-shuts down GI tract), antitussives (for dry, nonproductive cough)

Statistics of opioid-related drug overdoses

over 75% of deaths in 2021

When WADA prohibits narcotics

prohibited in competition

The mixture of drugs including a narcotic analgesic(heroin) and stimulants(amphetamines and cocaine) is nicknamed what

“pot Belge”

Tested positive for morphine in 2007

Ethiopian runner, Ambesse Tolosa

Cannabinoid receptors:

CB1 and CB2

CB1 and CB2 location

membrane of nerve endings in the brain

Stimulation of CB1 and CB2 effects

acetylcholine in hippocampus (learning and memory) and noradrenaline in cerebral cortex (alertness and motor coordination)

Mode of action of THC

tends to accumulate in adipose tissue, slowly released

When does WADA prohibit cannabinoids

prohibited in competition (exception: cannabidiol)

Michael Phelps was banned for 3 months in 2009 for

a picture with a bong

AAF for THC metabolites

Ross Rebagliati in 1998

American sprinter positive for THC metabolites

Sha’Carri Richardson

Potential performance-enhancing effects of glucocorticoids

endurance performance and strength

When does WADA prohibit glucocorticoids

Prohibited in competition

Mental attitude effects of amphetamines

psychosis, violence, suicide, and depression

When does WADA prohibit stimulants

in competition

Non-narcotics/opioids:

acetaminophen, NSAID, Asprin

Narcotics(opioid):

codeine, morphine, hydrocodone (vicodin), Oxycodone

Joked about morphine and got her hotel raided

Kate Reed

CB1 is more

psychoactive

CB2 is more

anti inflammatory/ anxiety

Cannabinoids are likely more ______ than ________

ergolytic than ergogenic

In 2018 CBD was made legal in US by

Farm Bill

Lance Armstrong in trouble for

EPO