ARU QUIZ

ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

are instruments that use the mechanical movement of electromagnetic meter to measure voltage, power, current.

TWO TYPES OF ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENT

Analog type

Digital type

Ammeter

a instrument to measure the current in a circuit

Voltmeter

measuring is used for electrical potential difference between two points

Clamp meter

electrical test tool that combines a basic digital multi meter

Multimeter

knows as VOM, electrical measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions

Megger

measuring the resistance of the insulation

Continuity Tester

to determine if an electrical path can be established between two points

tachometer

an instrument measuring the rotation speed of a shaft or
disk, as in a motor or other machine.

watt hour meter

watt meter

an instrument for measuring the electric
power in watts of any given circuit.

Frequency meter

an instrument that displays frequency of a periodic electrical signal

power factor meter

r measures the power factor of a
transmission system. The power factor is the cosine of the
Angle between the voltage and current.

ohmmeter

an instrument used to measure resistance

electrical plan?

a drawn description of a building’s
circuit and electrical properties.

contents of an electrical plan

• Cable routing diagram - the positioning of the electrical cabinets, cable
  types and their routes, the positioning of every electrical equipment and
  device in the building.

• Electrical distribution wiring diagram - devices in the electrical cabinet and
  their wiring.

• Quotation - device price and items list, service fee, item number.

• Bill of material

• Technical description

• Topological drawing - the form taken by the network of interconnections of
  the circuit components.

types of Electrical plan

residential

commercial

industrial

institutional

mixed use development

hospitality

Landscaping

emergency services

Components
of an
Electrical
Plan

LEGEND

POWER PLAN

LIGHTING PLAN

CIRCUITING

PANEL SCHEDULE

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

EQUIPMENT LAYOUT

SPECIAL SYSTEMS

LEGEND

key part of
the electrical plan,
explaining the symbols used
in the drawing. These
symbols represent various
electrical components such
as outlets, switches, lights,
and wiring.

POWER PLAN

hows the layout of all power
outlets and electrical appliances. It includes
details about the types of outlets (e.g.,
standard, GFCI) and their locations.

LIGHTING PLAN

indicates the placement
of light fixtures, switches, and control
points. It ensures proper illumination
levels for different areas of the building

CIRCUITING

shows how different electrical devices
are connected and grouped into circuits.

PANEL SCHEDULE

lists the electrical circuits
and their corresponding circuit breakers within
the distribution panel.

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

is a simplified
representation of the electrical distribution
system. It shows the main components like
transformers, distribution panels, and main
circuit breakers.

EQUIPMENT LAYOUT

This part of the plan details the positioning of
major electrical equipment such as
transformers, switchboards, and generators.

SPECIAL SYSTEMS

refer to additional electrical
systems like fire alarms, security systems, and
data networks. These are integrated into the
overall electrical plan.

elements of an electrical plan

Wiring Diagrams

Circuit Layouts

Lighting sytems

Lighting systems

Power distribution

Wiring Diagrams

Essential for illustrating the physical connections and layout
of the electrical circuitry.

Circuit Layouts

It detail the specific circuits within the
electrical system.

Lighting Systems

A significant part of any electrical plan. They include the
placement of light fixtures, switches, and outlets.

Power Distribution

Outlines how electricity is
delivered from the main power
source to various parts of the
building.

ELECTRICAL LOAD

an electrical component or portion of a

circuit that consumes (active) electric power, such as

electrical appliances and lights inside the home. The term

may also refer to the power consumed by a circuit.

TO SOLVE FOR THE
ELECTRICAL LOAD?

Load(W) = Voltage(V) x Current(A)

Single-Phase current calculation:

I = P ÷(V× PF)

Three-phase current calculation:

I = P÷ √3 V × P.

Safety Standards: NEC
(National Electrical Code)

• Compliance with electrical codes and
  standards to ensure safe and reliable
  operation

Energy Efficiency:
Sustainable Practices

• Design of energy-efficient systems to
  reduce energy consumption and
  environmental impact

Building management systems (BMS)

referred to by several different names, including
“building automation systems (BAS),” “building control
systems,” and even “smart buildings”.

types of building management system

HVAC Control

Lighting Control

Security and Access Control

EMS

BMCS

Fire Alarm and Safety Sytem

Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
(HVAC) control system

is a computerized
mechanism that adjusts the heating, air
conditioning, and ventilation components within a
building

Self-contained unit packages

It describes a single unit
that converts a primary energy source (electricity or gas)
and provides final heating and cooling to the space to be
conditioned. Rooftop HVAC systems, air conditioning
units for rooms, and air-to-air heat pumps are included in
it.

Central systems

hese are a combination of central
supply subsystems and multiple end-use subsystems. With
central systems, the main conversion from fuel such as gas
or electricity takes place in a central location. Some form
of thermal energy is distributed throughout the building or
facility.

Lighting automation systems

as smart
lighting systems, are designed to control and monitor the
lighting in a space

benefits of homes lighting control

1. Be more energy efficient

2. Programmed scene setting

3. Improve the safety and security of your home

4. Enhanced convenience

5. Increase light usage

EMS An energy management system (EMS

a set of tools combining software and hardware that optimally
distributes energy flows between connected distributed energy resources (DERs). Companies use
energy management systems to optimize the generation, storage and/or consumption of electricity to
lower both costs and emissions and stabilize the power grid.

Common components of an energy management system

• Gateway: a data collection and processing system that ideally operates independently of
  manufacturers.

• Software: a range of sophisticated algorithms that create rules and restrictions to control energy
  assets according to specific needs e.g. to maximize self-sufficiency, charge devices in order of
  preference or to set limits for energy consumption according to local grid requirements.

• Interface: a platform that enables users to visualize live and historical data, view KPIs, set
  parameters, and manage energy flows.

A building management and control system (BMCS)

ontrols and monitors the internal environmental conditions of
commercial buildings

Levels of BMCS

FIELD LEVEL

The field level refers to
application specific
controllers, such as terminal
devices including fan coil
units, and variable air
volume boxes and control
peripherals, such as sensors
and valve or damper
actuators.

SYSTEM LEVEL

The system level, also
known as the automation
level, is associated with
controllers serving the main
plant such as the air
handling units, chillers and
boiler control.

MANAGEMENT LEVEL

The management level
comprises the BMCS server
and the operator workstation,
also known as the head end or
building dashboard. The
management level of control
allows the management and
monitoring of the control
system from a single point.

ENTERPRISE LEVEL

In some installations there is a
fourth level, the enterprise
level. This sits above the other
levels usually within a
corporate network to provide
data analysis such as asset
management.

Security automation system

a form of computer-based
security technology that automates identifying, monitoring,
and responding to threats to an organization’s digital
infrastructure.

Fire Alarm and Safety System

designed to detect the outbreak of

fires and provide warnings, for example by sounding alarm

bells throughout the building

Communication system

a comprehensive framework that facilitates the exchange of information between two or more entities

telephone

involves
transmitting voice over telephone lines,
primarily for real-time interaction

PARTS OF TELEPHONE

• Microphone: Captures voice.

• Speaker: Reproduces voice.

• Dial Pad: Initiates calls.

• Ringer: Alerts for incoming calls.

ADVANTAGES of telephone

• Immediate Response: Enables quick, interactive
  communication.

• Long-Distance Capability: More effective and less
  expensive than physical travel.

• Personalized Communication: Allows emotional
  expression through tone, reducing misinterpretation.

• Confidentiality: Better suited for sensitive information,
  ensuring messages reach the intended recipient.

• Safety: Bluetooth technology allows safer use while
  driving compared to texting.

• Business Aid: Essential for marketing, customer service,
  and communication in service industries like
  restaurants and hotels.

• Flexibility and Affordability: Mobile phones enhance
  communication through internet access and various
  platforms.

INTERCOM

is a standalone system for
voice and video communication within a building or small group of
buildings. It enables two-way communication, allowing a person to speak
into a microphone and be heard elsewhere.

PARTS OF INTERCOM

• Microphone: Captures voice.

• Speaker: Reproduces sound.

• Control Unit: Manages communication between
  components.

• Push Buttons: Initiate communication or unlock
  doors.

• Camera: Captures video for visual communication
  (in video intercoms).

• Monitor: Displays the video feed from the camera.

• Power Supply: Provides necessary power for
  operation.

• Wiring: Connects components in wired systems.

• Antenna: Enables wireless communication in
  wireless systems.

• Gateway: Connects smart intercoms to the
  internet for remote access.

CABLE TV

This form of transmission
shared TV signals. Cable systems were originally
built to extend the reach of TV signals and improve
over-the-air TV reception. Modern cable systems
use fiber and coaxial cable for signal transmission.

AUDIO VISUAL
COMMUNICATION

is a productive
form of communication. Using sound and lighting
equipment improves communication by
heightening the awareness of your audience's
sight and hearing.

Video
Communication

has significantly
increased in the business sector, facilitating
connections among employees worldwide
and enhancing collaboration, performance,
and growth.

Types of Video Communication:

Video calling

Video conferencing

Telerpresence

Video sharing

Public Address (PA) System

is an
electronic sound amplification and
distribution system with a microphone,
amplifier and loudspeaker. *

Block diagram of PA System

Components:

• Microphone: Converts sound waves into electrical signals.

• Mixer: Isolates different audio channels before amplification.

• Voltage Amplifier: Further amplifies the mixer output.

• Driver Amplifier: Reduces internal resistance for the next stage.

• Power Amplifier: Provides significant power amplification to the signal.

• Loudspeaker: Converts electrical signals into sound.

Typical PA installation Planning

I. Public meeting

II. Auditorium having large capacity

III. Debating chamber

IV. Football stadium

V. College sports

Application of PA SYSTEM

• Sports meets

• Public meeting

• Auditoriums

• Concerts & functions

• Railway station

• Airports

• Hospitals

• Factories