Economic, social, technological, and demographic processes associated with urbanisation and urban growth.

economic processes associated with urbanisation

• Cities attract people from rural areas because they offer more job opportunities, often with better pay. 

• As the urban population increases, businesses such as factories and shops grow and become more profitable. Leading to more jobs and a wage increase 

• As countries develop, commercial farming overtakes subsistence farming as the primary method of food production, the loss of agricultural jobs drives further people to the city. 

social processes associated with urbanisation

• Cities tend to have higher living standards than rural areas sch as better access to healthcare and school. As more people move to cities for this and the economy grows, it can become a centre for culture e.g. museums and art galleries open. 

• The migration of people to cities increases the mix of people from different social backgrounds. This an improve people's tolerance creating a welcoming environment, however, segregation and hate can also be common. 

technological processes associated with urbanisation

• The emergence of factories in cities leads to them becoming hotspots for technological advancements. 

• More recently, areas with many high-tech industries have emerged, e.g. Silicone Valley in California (companies such as google). These attract people as they offer specialised, high paid jobs 

political processes associated with urbanisation

• Urban growth may lead to increased inequalities between rich and poor people. A new ‘working class’ emerges, often made up of people working in manufacturing. 

• Political reform focuses on issues that affect urban life, e.g. poor sanitation and quality of housing. 

demographic processes associated with urbanisation

• As cities become larger and wealthier they attract migrants from all over the world. Urban areas become more culturally, and ethnically diverse and new areas emerge, e.g. Chinatown, New York. 

• Many young people are attracted by jobs and entertainment, they often choose to stay to raise families, so cities tend to have a younger population.