BIOL1620- Animal Diversity & Fungi Review

FUNGI & ANIMALS

Fungi (4 characteristics)

Unicellular, (absorptive) Heterotrophs; more closely related to animals than plants, they also need to eat. Their cell was is made of Chitin, and they use Glyogen to store

1) Unicellular
2) Heteratroph
3) Cell wall of Chitin
4) Store as glycogen

Fungi Compared?

Feature: Nutrition, Cell wall, storage (in the order)
Fungi: Absorptive Heterotroph, Chitin, Glycogen
Plants: Autotroph, Cellulose, Starch
Animals: Ingestive Heterotroph, None, Glycogen

Absorptive Nutrition (The 4 Modes)

1) Decomposers: Break down-non living organic matter
ex) Fallen logs
2) Parasites: Absorb nutrients from living hosts
ex) Athletes foot
3) Mutualists: Reciprocal benefit
ex) Mycorrhizae
4) Predators (Rare): Some soil fungi traps

Mycorrhizae

Fungus + Host Plant;
Fungus Provides → minerals/ nutrients
Plant Provides → Its sugars

Mutualism

Lichens

Fungus + Cyanobacteria or Algae
Fungus Provides → Protection
Plant Provides → Its sugars (food)

Mutualism

Fungi Roles

Food
Alcohol
Plant life & high productivity rates

Decompose wood and organic matter
Penicilin and Medicine.

Fungi Life Cycle Asexual

Asexual: Germination→Mycelium→ Spores

Fungi Life Cycle Sexua

Sexual: Meiosis→Germination→Mycelium→ Plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm)→Karyogamy (fusion of nuclei)

Chrytrids

Mostly decomposers, some parasitic

spores are flagellated

Cow digestion (mutualism)→ break down cellulose

Zygomycota

Fast-growing molds, parasites

Black bread mold

Glomeromycetes

Most of the species form arbuscular mycorrhizae

Ascomycota

Sac fungi
Live in freshwater, and terrestrial
produce sexual spores
Symbiotic relation with green algae or cyanobacteria→ forming Lichen

Basidomycota

Mushrooms (basidiocarp)

Animals (4 Characteristic)

1) Eukaryotic
2) Multicellular

3) Heterotrophic (indigestion)
4) No cell walls

Characteristics of Animals “Body Plans” (1)

1) Cellular Organization
- Cell→Tissue→Organ→Organ System

Characteristics of Animals “Body Plans” (2)

2) Symmetry
- Asymmetrical ( ex; Sponges) → no symmetry

- Radially (ex; Cnidarians)→ multiple planes of symmetry
-Bilaterally (ex; Humans)→ most common, 2 halves 1 cross section

Characteristics of Animals “Body Plans” (3)

3) Tissue layers

-No true tissues (sponges)

- diploblastic (cnidarians) 2 layers → endoderm, and ectoderm
-triploblastic (arthropods)→ endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm

Characteristics of Animals “Body Plans” (4)

4) Body cavities
-coelom→ most triplobalstics
-acoelomate→ space between digestive tract
-pseudocoelomate→ partially lined with mesoderm

-coelomate→ body cavity fully lined with mesoderm

Characteristics of Animals “Body Plans” (5)

5) Developmental Mode
-Protosomes: Spiral and determinate → fate of cell is decided early
(ex; molluscs) Form mouths first

-Deuterostomes: Radial and indeterminate→ each cell retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo
(ex; chordates) Form anus first

2 Hypotheses of Animal Phylogeny

1) Morphological and Developmental comparisons
2) Molecular Data

Invertebrates

animals that lack a backbone (95%) of known species

Porifera (Sponges)

Symmetry: Asymmetrical

Germ Layers: None - no true tissues

Mesoderm: No

Blastula: They don’t form one NA
Coelom: Acoelomate

Cnidaria (Jellies/Hydrozoans, Corals, Anemones)

Oldest groups in its clade
Symmetry: Radial

Germ Layers: Diploblastic (Ectoderm, and endoderm)

Mesoderm: No

Blastula: N/A
Coelom: Acoelomate

Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

Symmetry: Bilateral

Germ Layers: Triploblastic

Mesoderm: Yes

Blastula: Spiral Protosome (mouth first)
Coelom: Aceolomate

Mollusca (Snails/Gastropod, Clams/Bivalves Octopuses/Cephalopods)

Symmetry: Bilateral

Germ Layers: Triploblastic

Mesoderm: Yes

Blastula: Spiral Protosome, mouth first
Coelom: Coelomate

Annelida (Earthworms, Leeches

Symmetry: Bilateral

Germ Layers: Triploblastic

Mesoderm: Yes

Blastula: Spiral Protosome, mouth first
Coelom: Coelomate (segmented)

Nematoda (Roundworms)

Symmetry: Bilateral

Germ Layers: Triploblastic

Mesoderm: Yes

Blastula: Protosome, mouth first
Coelom: Pseudocoelomate

Arthropod (Insects, Spiders)

Symmetry: Bilateral

Germ Layers: Triploblastic

Mesoderm: Yes

Blastula: Spiral Protosome, mouth first
Coelom: Coelomate→ reduced in adults

Echinodermata (Sea Stars, Urchins)

Symmetry: Bilateral-pentardial

Germ Layers: Triploblastic

Mesoderm: Yes

Blastula: Radial, Deuterostome, anus first
Coelom: Coelomate

Chordata (Mammals, Reptiles)

Symmetry: Bilateral

Germ Layers: Triploblastic

Mesoderm: Yes

Blastula: Deuterostome, anus first
Coelom: Coelomate

Polp V. Medusa

Cnidarias
Asexual stage (polp)
Sexual stage (Medusa)

Rotifera (Rotifers)

Symmetry: Bilateral

Germ Layers: Triploblastic

Mesoderm: Yes

Blastula: Protosome, mouth first
Coelom: Pseudocoelomate

Cambrian Explosion

Period in time where animals evolved rapidly→ marked the earliest fossil appearance

4 Characteristics of Chordates

1) Notochord
2) Dorsal nerve cord

3) Pharyngeal Slits
4) Post-anal tail

Chordate Amphibia

Frogs, Salamanders ( lay eggs and have moist skin)
Bones
Jaw Present
Gills as young and lungs as adults

Metamorphisis

Chordate Reptilia

Snakes, Turtles (Scales, amniotic eggs)
Bones

Jaw Present

Lungs

Scales

Chordate Mammalia

Whales, Humans (Hair)
Bones

Jaw Present

Lung, Diaphragm
Teeth and live births

3 Major groups of Chordata

1) Cephalochordata: all 4 traits as adults (Lancelets)
2) Urochordata: Larvae have the traits (Tunicates)
3) Verterbrata: Traits turn into CNS, backbones/ modified traits (Fish, Birds, Humans)

3 Mammal Clades

1) Monotremes: egg laying mammals (platypus)
2) Marsupials : born early and stay in pouch (kangaroos)
3) Eutherians: Placental animals→ long pregnancies (humans, dogs)

Eggs

1) Oviparous: Eggs hatch outside (birds)

2) Ovivoparious: Eggs stay inside (sharks)
3) Viviparous: young develop inside (mammals)