The Rise of Napoleon and the Napoleonic Wars

Napoleon Bonaparte

he brought the French Revolution to an end when he came to power in 1799. Yet he was a child of the revolution as well. Without it, he would never have risen to power, and he himself never failed to remind the French that he had preserved the best parts of the revolution during his reign as emperor.

consulate

government established in France after the overthrow of the Directory in 1799, republic but Napoleon held absolute power, the name was from ancient Rome

coup d'état

Napoleon took part in the ____ _____ of 1799 that overthrew the Directory and set up a new government

Emperor Napoleon I

Napoleon was made consul for life. Two years later, he crowned himself _______ _______ _

Catholic Church

One of Napoleon's first moves at home was to establish peace with the .

commander

in 1796 he became _______ of the French armies in Italy.

brigadier general

at age 24, the Committee of Public Safety made him a ______ _______.

Egypt

Napoleon suggested conquering Britain through _____ but was defeated

Enlightenment

Napoleon was a man of the ________.

Catholicism

In 1801 Napoleon came to an agreement with the pope, which recognized ________ as the religion of a majority of the French people. In return, the pope would not ask for the return of the church lands seized in the revolution.

codify the laws

Napoleon's most famous domestic achievement was to ______ the ____.

Civil Code

______ ____, or Napoleonic Code, introduced in 1804. It preserved many of the principles that the revolutionaries had fought for: equality of all citizens before the law; the right of the individual to choose a profession; religious toleration; and the abolition of serfdom and all feudal obligations. Women and children were not equal to men.

bureaucracy

Napoleon focused on developing a _______ of capable officials.

aristocracy

Napoleon also created a new _______ based on meritorious service to the nation.

major reforms

Napoleon did keep some _____ _______ of the French Revolution. Under the Civil Code, all citizens were equal before the law. The concept of opening government careers to more people was another gain of the revolution that he retained.

Anne-Louise- Germaine de Staël

Liberty was replaced by a despotism that grew increasingly arbitrary, in spite of protests by such citizens as the prominent writer ____-______- _________ _______.

newspapers

Napoleon shut down 60 of France's 73 ________ and banned books, including de Staël's.

manuscripts

He insisted that all _______ be subjected to government scrutiny before they were published. Even the mail was opened by government police.

military leadership

Napoleon is known less for his domestic policies than for his _______ _________. His conquests began soon after he rose to power.

Russia, Great Britain, and Austria

When Napoleon became consul in 1799, France was at war with a European coalition of ______, _____ _______, and ______. In 1802 a peace treaty was signed but did not last long.

Grand Army

Napoleon's _____ ____ defeated the Austrian, Prussian, and Russian armies.

Grand Empire

Napoleon's ______ ______ was composed of three major parts: the French Empire, dependent states, and allied states.

French Empire

______ ______ was the inner core of the Grand Empire. It consisted of an enlarged France extending to the Rhine in the east and including the western half of Italy north of Rome.

Dependent states

_______ ______ were kingdoms ruled by relatives of Napoleon. Eventually these included Spain, Holland, the kingdom of Italy, the Swiss Republic, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and the Confederation of the Rhine—a union of all German states except Austria and Prussia.

Allied states

_______ _____ were countries defeated by Napoleon and then forced to join his struggle against Britain. These states included Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Sweden.

principles of the French Revolution

Within his empire, Napoleon sought to spread some of the ______ of the ______ ________, including legal equality, religious toleration, and economic freedom

old order

In the inner core and dependent states of his Grand Empire, Napoleon tried to destroy the ___ _____. The nobility and the clergy everywhere in these states lost their special privileges. Napoleon decreed equality of opportunity with offices open to those with ability, equality before the law, and religious toleration.

liberal traditions

The spread of French revolutionary principles was an important factor in the development of _____ _______ in these countries.

Britain's ability to resist Napoleon and the rise of nationalism.

Reasons why Napoleon's empire collapsed

sea power

Napoleon was never able to conquer Great Britain because of its ___ _____, which made it almost invulnerable.

Continental System

Napoleon turned to the ________ ______ to weaken Britain by stopping British goods from reaching the European continent to be sold there. By weakening Britain economically, Napoleon would destroy its ability to wage war. It failed

nationalism

the unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols, A second significant factor in the defeat of Napoleon, One of the most important forces of the nineteenth century

invade Russia

Napoleon's downfall began in 1812 when he decided to _____ ______. Within only a few years, his fall was complete.

Russians

The ________ had refused to remain in the Continental System, leaving Napoleon with little choice but to invade.

Borodino

When the Russians did fight at _______, Napoleon's forces won an indecisive victory, which cost many lives.

600,000 men

In June 1812, a Grand Army of more than ___,___ ___ entered Russia.

Great Retreat

As the winter snows began, Napoleon led the "_____ ______" west across Russia.

Moscow

Finally reaching _______, the Grand Army found the city ablaze.

Elba

Napoleon was soon sent into exile on the island of ____, off the northwest coast of Italy.

Louis XVIII

The victorious powers restored monarchy to France in the person of _____ ______, brother of the executed king, Louis XVI.

European states

This military disaster led other ______ ____ to rise up and attack the crippled French army. Paris was captured in March 1814.

new king

he left the island of Elba and slipped back into France. The ___ ____ sent troops to capture Napoleon

Paris

No one fired a shot. Shouting "Long live the Emperor (the king)!" the troops went over to his side. On March 20, 1815, Napoleon entered _____ in triumph.

Enemy and Disturber of the Tranquility of the World

Russia, Great Britain, Austria, and Prussia again pledged to defeat the man they called the "_____ and ______ of the _______ of the ______."

French army

Napoleon raised another ______ _____ of devoted veterans who rallied from all over France. He then readied an attack on the allied troops stationed across the border in Belgium.

Duke of Wellington

At Waterloo in Belgium on June 18, 1815, Napoleon met a combined British and Prussian army under the ____ of ________ and suffered a bloody defeat

waterloo, Belgium

where was napoleon finally defeated

St. Helena

This time, the victorious allies exiled him to __. ______, a small island in the south Atlantic. Napoleon remained in exile until his death in 1821