Biology Final Exam

What is the scientific method?

A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem

What makes a good hypothesis?

testable and falsifiable

What makes a good experiment?

-quantifiable and reproducible data

-proper controls

-appropriate experimental subjects

What is qualitative data?

non-numerical data

What is quantitative data?

numerical data

What is scientific inquiry?

Refers to the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence they gather

The reverse of cellular respiration is

photosynthesis

What are common elements?

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

What are trace elements?

required by an organism in only minute quantities; iron, iodide, fluoride,

How are radioactive isotopes formed?

through radioactive decay of the nucleus

How are radioactive isotopes useful?

determining the age of fossils, tracing the steps of chemical reactions and industrial processes, diagnosing and treating disease, and providing sources of energy

What is a hydrophobic and hydrophilic substance?

hydrophobic rejects water and hydrophilic accepts water

What is the cell membrane made of?

phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates

What are the main structural components of organisms?

proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and complexes of them

What are the 7 functional groups?

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl

What is the structure of hydroxyl?

OH-

What is the structure of carbonyl?

C=O

What is the structure of carboxyl?

O=C-OH

What is the structure of amino?

NH2

What is the structure of sulfhydryl?

-SH

What is the structure of phosphate?

PO4

What is the structure of methyl?

CH3

What is a covalent bond?

A chemical bond formed when two or atoms share electrons.

What is an ionic bond?

A chemical bond that's formed when an atom transfers and electron to another Atom

What is a vanderwaals bond?

A weak attractive force between atoms or nonpolar molecules caused by a temporary change in dipole moment

What are hydrogen bonds?

The result of the attraction for a hydrogen atom by a highly electronegative element.

What do carbohydrates do?

store energy and provide structural support

What is passive transport?

The movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy

What is active transport?

the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

What are transport proteins?

proteins that transport other substances in and out of cell

What are channel proteins?

Transport proteins that have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules/ions use as a tunnel through the membrane.

What are carrier proteins?

specialized membrane proteins that change shape during the transport process

What is a sodium-potassium pump?

Protein pump that requires energy in order to pump sodium and potassium ions against the concentration gradient.

What is osmosis?

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

What is simple diffusion?

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

What is facilitated diffusion?

The passive movement of a particle across a cell membrane via a channel protein.

What are pyrimidines?

cytosine, thymine, uracil

What are purines?

Adenine and Guanine

What are nucleotides made of?

5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

What is the purpose of the nucleus?

Store DNA and regulates the functions of DNA in the cell;

replication of DNA to provide continuity of genetic information to next generation of cells; transcription of DNA to RNA

What is the purpose of the nuclear envelope?

encloses the nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasm

What is the purpose of the rough ER?

synthesizes and packages proteins, produces proteins

What is the purpose of the smooth ER?

lipid synthesis and detoxification

What is the purpose of the golgi apparatus?

1. distribution of proteins and lipids from the ER to vesicles and plasma membrane

What is the purpose of vesicles?

Transport protein from golgi bodies to either the cytoplasm to remain within the cell or the cell membrane to be released to the larger organism.

What is the purpose of the mitochondria?

Produce energy for cellular processes

What is the purpose of ribosomes?

synthesize proteins

What is the purpose of lysosomes?

To break down parts of the cell that are old or no longer needed into their individual chemical components for later use.

What is the purpose of vacuoles?

Stores materials and pumps excess water out of the cell

What is the purpose of the plasma membrane?

A barrier for the cell; Selective permeability; Relays messages; Cell to cell recognition

What is the difference between plant and animal cells?

plant cells have a cell wall

What are cis-trans isomers?

same covalently bonded atoms but differ in spatial arrangement . cis= both on top. trans= opposite sides

What are anomers?

isomers that differ at a new asymmetric carbon atom formed on ring closure

What are peptides?

short chains of amino acids

What are polypeptides?

long chains of amino acids

What is the process of cellular respiration?

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

What does glycolysis do?

breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate

What does the electron transport chain do?

uses the high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP using hydrogen molecules and an ATP synthase protein

How is fermentation different from cellular respiration?

glucose is not fully oxidized; Water is not the by-product

What are the alternatives to cellular respiration?

lactic acid fermentation and ethanol fermentation

What are G-protein linked receptors?

Has a ligand receptor on the extracellular surface; Has an alpha, beta, and gamma subunit attached on the cytoplasm side; Forms GTP from GDP when the ligand binds to the receptor and become activated

What activates G-protein linked receptors?

various stimuli such as hormones, neurotransmitters, chemokines, and odorants

What is the difference between lactic acid fermentation and ethanol fermentation?

Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid, while alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide

What is a phenotype?

physical characteristics of an organism

What is genotype?

genetic makeup of an organism

What is the structure of a chromosome?

2 short arms called p arms and 2 long arms called q arms, at the middle is the centromere

What is complete dominance?

occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical

What is incomplete dominance?

when one allele is not completely dominant over the other

What is codominance?

when both alleles contribute to the phenotype

What is prophase?

DNA and proteins condense into lightly coiled chromosomes in a nuclear envelope

What is metaphase?

the chromosomes meet and cross among cell equator making an "X" shape

What is anaphase?

Spindle fibers pull each chromatid to opposite sides

What is telophase?

Nuclear membranes start to form, chromosomes start to uncoil, and the spindle fibers fall apart

What is cytokinesis?

the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.

What is binary fission?

A form of asexual reproduction in which the parent divides into two approximately equal parts

How many autosomes do humans have?

22 pairs

What signal do cancer cells not respond to?

density-dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence

What are karyotypes?

the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.

How are karyotypes used?

Diagnosis of genetic abnormality, based on number of chromosomes; determine the sex of an unborn child.

What is the organization of life from smallest to biggest?

organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere