Bio-Transcription/Translation/ Replication

What type of biomolecule is this

Nucleic Acid

What is the name of this monomer

Nucleotide

Are you looking at DNA or RNA?

RNA, ribose sugar and U instead of T

What pairs with T in RNA?

NOTHING, Rna has no T

What bases are purines (double ring)

A and G

Which bases are pyrimidines? (single ring)

T, C, U

True or False - Purines pair with purines

False

What type of bond holds two base pairs together?

Hydrogen bonds

When does DNA replication happen?

During Synthesis

Where does DNA replication occur?

Nucleus

Helicase

In DNA replication, this enzyme unzips the DNA molecule

Primase

In DNA replication, this enzyme tells the builder enzyme where to begin

DNA Polymerase

In DNA replication, the enzyme builds the new strands of DNA

Ligase

In DNA replication, this enzyme is responsible for gluing together pieces of the lagging strand

What do 3’ and 5’ represent on the sugar phosphate backbone?

The direction of the sugar molecule in the backbone/position of the carbons in the sugar

In DNA replication, what direction is the new molecule built?

5’ TO 3’

What is the term we use to describe the fact that new molecules of DNA contain one strand of the old molecule and one strand that is newly synthesized?

Semi-conservative

Where does Transcription take place

In the Nucleus of a Eukaryotic cell/ In the cytoplasm in a Prokaryotic cell

Where does Translation take place

On Ribosomes in the cells cytoplasm

mRNA

Carries instructions for polypeptide synthesis

Ribosomal RNA

Forms an important part of both subunits of the ribosome

tRNA

Carries amino acids to the ribosomes and matches them to the coded mRNA message.

What is the first stage of RNA synthesis

Transcription

Promoters

tell the enzyme where to start transcribing DNA.

What happens to the newly made mRNA before it leaves the nucleus

RNA editing

5’ Cap

helps mRNA leave the nucleus and attach to ribosome

Poly-A tail

provides protection from degradation by exonucleases

Codons

Is a group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid.

There are BLANK possible three-base codons in the genetic code.

64

Translation starts when

a ribosome attaches to an mRNA molecule. Then, tRNA molecules, carrying amino acids with them, bind to mRNA codons.

What is the central dogma of molecular biology

that information is transferred from DNA to RNA to protein.

Gene Expression

When a gene of DNA code is used to build a protein

Mutations

are changes in genetic information.

Somatic mutations

acquired during life to a body cell/ cannot be passed down

Germ Line mutations

occur in a parent’s egg or sperm cell, resulting in a fertilized egg cell that has the mutation/ can be passed down

point mutation

a change in a single nucleotide

In a substitution

one base is changed to a different base.

Insertion mutation

when a single extra base is added into the code

Deletion mutation

when a single base is removed from the code

Inversion

reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome.

Translocation

occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another.

Repressor

Binds to the operator to prevent trasncription

Operator

The point where transcription can be blocked or allowed

Lactose

Is a molecule that organisms can digest

Prokaryotic Genes-operons

Only transcribes genes when they need to and happens when you consume lactose

RNA Polymerase

copies a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence

Point nonsense

Prematurely stops protein synthesis, by adding a stopped codon

Point Silence

One or more nucleotides are changed which results in same amino acid, or similar amino acid

MicroRNA

binds with mRNA to silence/inhibit expression, stopping translation

Heterochromatin

tightly wound chromatin

Euchromatin

loosely wound chromatin

Histone acetylation

loosens the chromatin, allows transcription

Methylation

Tightens chromatin, inhibits transcription

Transcription Factors

bind to the enhancer in DNA and regulate the expression of genes