Chapter 5: Structure and Function of Biological Molecules - AP Biology flashcards (Fill in the Blank)

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Fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering key concepts from Chapter 5: Structure and Function of Biological Molecules (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids) including monomers, polymers, bonds, and structure-function relationships.

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35 Terms

1
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Carbohydrates are composed of the elements __, __, and __.

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

2
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The monomer units of carbohydrates are __.

monosaccharides

3
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The polymer form of carbohydrates is __.

polysaccharide

4
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Monomers in carbohydrates are joined by __ bonds.

glycosidic

5
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The monomers of proteins are __.

amino acids

6
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Proteins are polymers called __.

polypeptides

7
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Amino acids are linked in proteins by __ bonds.

peptide

8
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The monomers of nucleic acids are __.

nucleotides

9
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Nucleic acids are polymers called __.

polynucleotides

10
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In nucleic acids, nucleotides are joined by __ bonds to form the sugar–phosphate backbone.

phosphodiester

11
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Lipids are a diverse group that __ form polymers.

do not

12
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The three main types of lipids are __, __, and __.

fats, phospholipids, steroids

13
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In a fat, three fatty acids are joined to glycerol by an __ linkage.

ester

14
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A fat molecule formed from glycerol and three fatty acids is called a __.

triglyceride

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Phospholipids self‑assemble into __ when placed in water.

bilayers

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Steroids are lipids with a carbon skeleton consisting of __ fused rings.

four

17
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Lipids store energy for long-term use in the form of __.

triglycerides

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In a phospholipid bilayer, the hydrophilic heads face the and the hydrophobic tails face the .

outside; inside

19
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In protein folding, hydrophobic amino acids are typically located on the of the folded protein, while hydrophilic amino acids are on the .

inside; outside

20
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Sickle‑cell disease involves replacing a charged amino acid with a __ amino acid, commonly placing it on the protein's exterior surface.

hydrophobic

21
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The loss of a protein's native structure due to changes in pH, temperature, or other factors is called __.

denaturation

22
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DNA contains the sugar __; RNA contains the sugar __.

deoxyribose; ribose

23
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In DNA, adenine pairs with and guanine pairs with .

thymine; cytosine

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Chargaff's rules state that the amount of adenine roughly equals __.

thymine

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Chargaff's rules state that the amount of guanine roughly equals __.

cytosine

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DNA molecules have two polynucleotides wound into a __ with backbones running in opposite directions (antiparallel).

double helix

27
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Nucleotides are linked by a __ linkage to build a polynucleotide, creating a sugar–phosphate backbone.

phosphodiester

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RNA uses the base __ in place of thymine.

uracil

29
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There are __ naturally occurring amino acids.

20

30
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The four levels of protein structure are __, __, __, and __.

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

31
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Disulfide bonds form between __ residues to stabilize protein structure.

cysteine

32
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Chitin is a structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and in the cell walls of many __.

fungi

33
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Glycogen is the storage polysaccharide in animals and is highly __-branched.

branched

34
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Starch is a storage polysaccharide in plants composed of glucose units with glycosidic bonds.

α; 1-4

35
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Cellulose is made of __ glucose monomers linked by 1-4 glycosidic bonds.

β-glucose