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Fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering key concepts from Chapter 5: Structure and Function of Biological Molecules (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids) including monomers, polymers, bonds, and structure-function relationships.
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Carbohydrates are composed of the elements __, __, and __.
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
The monomer units of carbohydrates are __.
monosaccharides
The polymer form of carbohydrates is __.
polysaccharide
Monomers in carbohydrates are joined by __ bonds.
glycosidic
The monomers of proteins are __.
amino acids
Proteins are polymers called __.
polypeptides
Amino acids are linked in proteins by __ bonds.
peptide
The monomers of nucleic acids are __.
nucleotides
Nucleic acids are polymers called __.
polynucleotides
In nucleic acids, nucleotides are joined by __ bonds to form the sugar–phosphate backbone.
phosphodiester
Lipids are a diverse group that __ form polymers.
do not
The three main types of lipids are __, __, and __.
fats, phospholipids, steroids
In a fat, three fatty acids are joined to glycerol by an __ linkage.
ester
A fat molecule formed from glycerol and three fatty acids is called a __.
triglyceride
Phospholipids self‑assemble into __ when placed in water.
bilayers
Steroids are lipids with a carbon skeleton consisting of __ fused rings.
four
Lipids store energy for long-term use in the form of __.
triglycerides
In a phospholipid bilayer, the hydrophilic heads face the and the hydrophobic tails face the .
outside; inside
In protein folding, hydrophobic amino acids are typically located on the of the folded protein, while hydrophilic amino acids are on the .
inside; outside
Sickle‑cell disease involves replacing a charged amino acid with a __ amino acid, commonly placing it on the protein's exterior surface.
hydrophobic
The loss of a protein's native structure due to changes in pH, temperature, or other factors is called __.
denaturation
DNA contains the sugar __; RNA contains the sugar __.
deoxyribose; ribose
In DNA, adenine pairs with and guanine pairs with .
thymine; cytosine
Chargaff's rules state that the amount of adenine roughly equals __.
thymine
Chargaff's rules state that the amount of guanine roughly equals __.
cytosine
DNA molecules have two polynucleotides wound into a __ with backbones running in opposite directions (antiparallel).
double helix
Nucleotides are linked by a __ linkage to build a polynucleotide, creating a sugar–phosphate backbone.
phosphodiester
RNA uses the base __ in place of thymine.
uracil
There are __ naturally occurring amino acids.
20
The four levels of protein structure are __, __, __, and __.
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
Disulfide bonds form between __ residues to stabilize protein structure.
cysteine
Chitin is a structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and in the cell walls of many __.
fungi
Glycogen is the storage polysaccharide in animals and is highly __-branched.
branched
Starch is a storage polysaccharide in plants composed of glucose units with glycosidic bonds.
α; 1-4
Cellulose is made of __ glucose monomers linked by 1-4 glycosidic bonds.
β-glucose