pays exam 2 tonally notes

what I thought from the study guide tonally posted

describe the three different types of neurons shape

bipolar/- has one axon and one dendrite multipolar-has one axon and multiple dendrite psudounipolar-has one process that branches into two

• Know the relationship of Na+ and K+ as they relate to the membrane potential and their gates

• Na+ primarily responsible for depolarization (positive change in membrane potential) during an action potential, while K+ is responsible for repolarization (returning the membrane potential back to resting state) by moving out of the cell

Know EPSP and IPSP

• EPSP is a signal that makes a neuron more likely to fire an action potential, while an IPSP is a signal that makes a neuron less likely to fire an action potential, both occurring at the postsynaptic membrane after a neurotransmitter is released from a presynaptic neuron

which ion is involved in inhibition of action potentials? excitation?

Sodium is involved in excitation

• Chloride is involved in inhibition

• Know the 3 diseases we talked about what are their causes and symptoms

• Parkinsons- loss of dopaminergic neurons, basal nuclei dysfunction 

• Alzheimers- loss of chollenergic neuronst aht are replaced by plaque 

• Multiple sclerosis- loss of myelin, all kinds of shit 

• Know the functions of the diencephalon, brainstem and cerebellum

• Diencephalon- responsible for relaying information

• Brainstem- vital unconscious functions (breathing n heartrate)

• Cerebellum- balance yassss

• Know the 6 tracts that were highlighted in class for motor and sensory

• Pyramidal tracts- fine motor control of distal extremities

• Extrapyramidal tracts- (all other tracts besides pyramidal) voluntary movement of proximal extremities 

• Rubrospinal tracts- uncnsius control

• Reticulospinal, Vestibulospinal, Tectospinal tracts- posture and balance (via muscle tone and coordinating movements)

• Know brain waves

• Beta waves= alert (exam)

• Alpha waves= awake (vibing)

• Theta waves= daydreaming or fr dreaming

• delta= sleep or coma 

• Know the 7 receptor types

• Intracellular- respond to lingands

• G protienlinked- g protiens

• Enzyme linked- enzyme

• Ion channel linked- ligands

• Chemoreceptors- chemicals (taste and smell)

• Thermoreceptor- temperature

• Sensory receptor- general term for detect stimuli

Know where the 1st, 2nd 3rd order neurons are and go

• 1st order- spinal cord

• 2nd order- thalamus

• 3rd order- cerebrum 

• Know referred pain what is it

• when you feel pain in a part of your body that is different from the actual source of the injury or problem, occurring because nerves from different areas of the body can converge in the spinal cord, causing the brain to misinterpret the pain signal as coming from a different location

Know visual terms, accommodation, refractions, reflection

• Reflection- light bounces from object onto ur eye

• Refraction- light waves bend

• Accommodation- increasing lens curvature to focus on close objects

• Know the 6 visual disorders and the 1 name for normal vision

• Emmetropia- normal vision

• Myopia- near sightedness

• Hyperopia- far sightedness

• Presbyopia- harding of lens (reading glasses)

• Cataract- discoloration cloudyness of lens

• Glaucoma- increased volume of aqueous humor

• Astigmatism- irregularities in lens or cornea 

• Know the control of the iris muscles

• Outer radial muscle- dilates (sympathetic)

• Innercircular muscle- constrict (parasymp)

• Know the 4 cells of the retina

• Ganglion cells and axons of optic nerve

• Amacrine cells-

• Horizontal cells

• Photoreceptors: cones and rods

• Know the visual pathway 5 steps

• retina> optic nerve> optic chiasm> optic radiations> primary visual cortex 

• Know the different hair cells in the ear and where they both are

• within cochlea

  • Inner hair cells- send signal 2 brain

  • Outerhair cells- amplify 

• Know the pathway of sound in the ear 6 steps

• Sound waves ear canal> tympanic membrane (ear drum)> ossicles (stapes)>cochlea> hair cells> brain 

• Know your tastes and what causes them

• Sour- hydrogen (acid)

• Salty- sodium Na+

• Sweet- ligands

• Bitter- ligands

• Know the nerves of taste 3

• The facial nerve (CN VII), glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), and vagus nerve (CN X)