Topic 5b Motivation

What is motivation according to Chamorro-Premuzic

an internal, dynamic state that drives action, energises and directs behaviour, and aims to satisfy needs

Why is motivation considered an individual difference

people differ in trait and state levels of motivation, influencing life outcomes

How does motivation differ from personality?

Personality is relatively stable; motivation is dynamic and goal-directed.

Who distinguished from primary needs and secondary/psychogenic needs (think love as a need, and marriage)

Murray

What are secondary/psychogenic needs

needs derived from biology and/or psychology

What two factors fuel motive -> behaviour

press and need

What do more recent models of motivation include to distinguish it from mood

goals

Explain the model of motivation that Murray proposed

identified 20 psychogenic needs based on interviews and observations

What 3 secondary needs does most research now focus on

need for achievement, affiliation and power

What theory of individual differences of motivation was proposed following on from Murray’s 3 secondary needs

McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory

How did McClelland measure 3 needs in his theory

using TAT

What is TAT

thematic apperception test

What does TAT offer access to?

implicit motives

What bias does TAT reduce

social desirability bias

What data does TAT produce

richer, more nuanced data

Other than questionable reliability and inconsistent validity, what are 2 other limitations of TAT

interpretation is subjective and differences in sensitivity to situation/stimulus

What potential sub components of need for achievement and power did Schultheiss find

hope and fear components

What 4 subtypes into the need for affiliation did Hill find

need for emotional support, positive simulation, attention from others and social comparison

What is the distinction between state and trait motives?

Trait motives are enduring dispositions; state motives are temporary activations.

Those who have a need for achievement, what level of task difficulty do they prefer and why

moderate difficulty which can indicate ability

What preference for work settings do individuals with a need for achievement have

frequent feedback on current vs previous performance

What 2 individual-level outcomes are linked to high need for achievement (think economics and leadership)

entrepreneurial success and innovation, and poor leadership and managerial skills

What 2 societal-level outcomes are linked to high need for achievement (consider individual-level outcomes)

economic growth and innovation, and civil war and ineffective leadership

Why do those with a high need for achievement have ineffective leadership

difficulty in compromising, wanting to achieve goals

Who used a content analysis of popular literation to estimate need for achievement and economic growth (two Bs)

Bradburn and Berlew

What was Bradburn & Berlew’s main finding of higher achievement imagery?

correlated with industrial growth (coal imports)

Other than dominance and control, what else can need for power demonstrate

desire to influence and have impact

What generative correlation exists between high need for power and profession preference

more attracted by jobs involving teaching

What generative correlation exists between high need for power and family (in females)

larger families and greater involvement in parenting

What 3 individual-level correlates are linked to high Need for Power?

Higher testosterone, sexual activity and aggression, leadership and career success.

What 2 societal-level correlates are linked to Need for Power?

Increased war and arms and effective leadership.

What real-life example did Spangler and House study to investigate need for power and effective leadership

US Presidents’ inaugural speeches

What did Spangler and House look at in US Presidents’ inaugural speeches

Presidential Performance

What needs predicated Presidential Performance

high need for power, lower needs for achievement and affiliation

What individual-level correlates are linked to high Need for Affiliation?

Preference for similar others; dislike of dissimilar others.

What 2 societal-level correlates are linked to Need for Affiliation?

Peace and disarmament; political scandal.

What did Langer and Winter highlight as important to avoid/resolve conflicts

concessions

What need was positively related to concession vs negatively related to concessions, according to Langer and Winter

high need for affiliation vs high need for power

What physiological marker is linked to high need for power, according to Schultheiss

high testosterone

What physiological response does high need for power trigger, according to Schultheiss

sympathetic nervous system stress response

3 ways in which high need for power cause health issues through the activation of the sympathetic nervous system stress response

issues with blood pressure, immunity function and susceptibility to illness

What 4 measures did McClelland, Alexander and Marks collect in male prison inmates to investigate the negative health effects of need for power

TAT, number of stressors, number and severity of illnesses and salivary immunoglobulin-A (S-IgA)

What is an indicator of better immune functioning

high S-IgA

Was S-IgA high or low in those with a high need for power

low

What was McClelland et al.’s key finding about motives and stress for health outcomes?

High Need for Power + high stress = poorer health outcomes.

What important distinction did McClelland and Schultheiss make about the health effects of need for power, is it just need for power?

‘stressed power motive’ associated with poorer health, high need for power is not a general vulnerability

What branch of the autonomic nervous system is need for affiliation linked with and what is the effect of this, according to Schultheiss

parasympathetic, increased immune functioning (positive effects on health)

What two things did McClelland and Kirshnit aim to study in their test for need for affiliation and health outcomes

priming need for affiliation via films and levels of S-IgA

Did manipulation of need for affiliation work following films

yes

How did priming need for affiliation effect levels of S-IgA, what does this suggest about affiliation and health

increased, evidence protective effects of need for affiliation

Did priming need for power impact levels of S-IgA, suggesting higher stress and poorer health, what was found?

no, inhibited power motive syndrome

What is inhibited power motive syndrome

high need for power + low need for affiliation + high inhibition

What is inhibited power motive linked to

stress and poor health