AP WORLD UNIT 9

The Green Revolution

The Green Revolution

Scientists developed new types of wheat and rice through crossbreeding and later genetic engineering to get higher resistance to pests and diseases.

Caused environmental damage because of pesticide overuse and limited small farmer’s abilities to compete.

Antibiotics

Made by Alexander Fleming who discovered penicillin and was used in WWII to save soldiers from infected diseases.

Birth Control Pills

Pills used after 1960 to prevent fertility. Resulted in fertility rates plummeting and reshaped gender roles putting less emphasis on rearing.

Vaccines

Used to eradicate smallpox and to prevent measles, polio, measles, and other diseases.

HIV - AIDS

A disease transferred through body fluids weakening the immune system. Researched in the 1990s and expensive Antiretroviral drugs could prevent it, but not cure it. This resulted in this disease affecting citizens in poverty much more.

Causes of Environmental Change

Population Growth (More people = more food = more pollution)

Urbanization (People in cities working will pollute)

Industrialization (Resources were exploited)

Effects of Environmental Change

Water Scarcity - Climate Change resulted in the decreasing water supply, countered by Israel with Desalination.

Greenhouse gasses - CO₂ is being emitted into the atmosphere resulting in climate change.

Green Belt Movement

Organization which protects wilderness from urban growth. Planted 51 million trees in Kenya preserving ecosystems and lessening the effects of greenhouse gasses.

Kyoto Protocol

Major international agreement signed in 1997 agreeing to curb output of carbon dioxide. Didn’t effectively work though due to US backing out and due to China and India backing out of the deal.

Paris Agreement

Agreement in 2015 between major countries trying to reestablish similar policies to the Kyoto Protocol. Donald Trump backed out 2017

Greta Thunberg

Young climate activist speaking at the UN in 2018 and leading a climate strike.

Economic Liberalization

The opening up of a country’s economy ex. relaxing trade restrictions

Free markets

Economic theology supported by Ronald Reagan and Margaret based on supply and demand with little government supervision (similar to laissez-faire)

Augusto Pinochet

Leader of Chile who took power due to a U.S. Backed Coup. Despite being ousted due to a myriad of heinous crimes, he instituted a free-market economy. Unpopular because it didn’t curb poverty

Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms

Economic changes which created a free market in China. Replaced communes with leased land where peasants grew own crops and could sell them, allowed factories to produce products for customers, allowed foreigners to set up factories in special zones, and reopened the Shanghai stock market.

Tiananmen Square

Students advocating freedom of speech and press were killed by Chinese government. Following this the Government instituted a mass censorship of this event.

Knowledge Economy

An economy which creates, distributes, and uses information. In this economy, specialist jobs are encouraged.

2016 Demonetization in Indian Economy

Event where Indian businesses had to quickly switch to a digital form of payment or else they would become obsolete. Negative consequence of a knowledge economy.

Science and Technology Policy Council

Organization in Finland encouraging economic growth through technology and innovation due to an economic crisis following Soviet fall. Successful with mobile phones being produced; positive consequence of a knowledge economy.

Japanese Economic Growth

Encouraged Exports by coordinating finance and labor policies with large corporations. Discouraged imports by using high tariffs on foreign goods. Emphasized productive workers through rigorous education.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Agreement between US, Canada, and Mexico encouraging US and Canada to build maquiladoras (factories) in Mexico where low wage mexican labor would produce goods. Caused US labor unions to speak up because they were losing jobs.

General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

Agreement which lifted restrictive barriers to trade lowering many Tariffs on foreign imports. Regulated by the World Trade Organization (WTO)

Microsoft and Google in India

Organizations which invests in India’s economy creating a consumer culture in India’s middle class

United Nations Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF)

A United Nations fund to provide food for children in Europe after WWII. Caused more similar policies to be made protecting women’s rights etc.

International Court of Justice

United Nations judicial body which deals with border disputes and Treaty violations while protecting refugees.

Women’s March on Washington

Following Donald Trump’s inauguration, this movement stood up for women’s rights in DC, but spread to other areas like India and Croatia.

Negritude movement

A movement originating in Africa which emphasized a pride in “blackness”, rejecting French colonial rule, and the rights for self-determination.

Liberation Theology

Latin American religious ideology which combined Socialism with Catholicism claiming that Jesus intended to free people from poor economic, political, and social conditions. This was persecuted by dictators, but Pope Francis endorsed it.

Civil Rights Act

America law which outlawed discrimination based on race in 1965. Later emphasized by the Voting Rights Act during the same year.

Pariah State

A state that is undesirable due to economic or political issues.

Nelson Mandela

South African who joined with the African National Congress and ended apartheid.

Truth and Reconciliation Commision (TRC)

Organization to attempt to restore a sense of trust in the new multiracial South Africa following the dissolution of Apartheid.

Caste Reservation System

Indian policy guaranteeing adept education and employment for those with a previously low caste.

Modernism

A rejection of tradition in favor of experimentation and uncertainty.

Consumer Culture

When people focused more on what they bought or owned than where they lived, where they worked, or what they believed.

Cubism

A style of painting that Picasso used implementing fragmentation, challenging the traditional perspective in visual arts.

Popular Culture

The culture of everyday people rather than the educated elite (TV and Radio)

Hari Krishna

A Hindu Movement which gained traction due to a Beatles Band Member George Harrison containing sacred words in a song.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

A Global Financial Institution designed to help a country’s economy by providing currency exchange rates. which was alleged to maximize profit while sacrificing safety and environmental needs.

The Battle of Seattle

A protest at a WTO conference in 1999 which brought global attention to the issues of WTO’s global economy. This is often referred to as the beginning of the anti-globalization movement.

Reasons for Resisting Globalization

Child labor in West Africa (brutal chocolate industry)

Working Conditions in Western Nations (Amazon workers having to pee in bottles)

Underpaid and Overworked Female workers in Vietnam and Bangladesh (collapse of Rana Plaza Factory)

Environmental Damage (Brazil’s forests being cut down for cattle farming)

Threats to National Sovereignty (Brexit)

Brexit

Britain leaving the European Union due to it interfering with Britain’s ability to self-govern and forced them to take too many immigrants. Didn’t occur because Britain, an island country, was dependent on imports.

2009 Urumqi Riots in China

Chinese riots resulting from the Uighur peoples’ (who are Islamic) tensions with ethnically Han peoples. The Chinese government blamed this on Twitter and Facebook and banned both platforms providing Weibo as a substitute.

Parts of the United Nations

The General Assembly, the Security council, the Secretariat, the International Court of Justice, the Economic and Social Council, and the Trusteeship Council.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

United Nations document outlining basic rights and freedoms setting standards for all governments.

Peacekeeping Missions

The United Nations attempts to prevent conflicts through diplomacy. 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict is one successful one, Rwandan Genocide is unsuccessful.

Human Rights Watch (HRW)

A UN program which motired human rights abuses in 100 countries using the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a guide.

International Peace Bureau

A NGO which worked on nuclear disarmament in the 1980s and lobbied for governments to reduce military spending.