Digestion and Nutrients

• enzymes carry out ______, whereby water is added to break chemical bonds

• Most nutrients is absorbed before chyme reaches ______

• hydrolysis

• ileum

DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES

Only _____ can be absorbed

monosaccharides

• enzymes carry out ______, whereby water is added to break chemical bonds

• Most nutrients is absorbed before chyme reaches ______

• hydrolysis

• ileum

DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES

Only _____ can be absorbed

monosaccharides

DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES

describe the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth, duodenum, and brush border (Jejunum & Ileum). give examples

Mouth: Starch/glycogen → oligosaccharides/disaccharides

• Ex: Salivary amylase

Duodenum: Starch/glycogen → oligosaccharides/disaccharides

• Ex: Pancreatic amylase

Brush Border: Disaccharides→monosaccharides

• Ex: Lactase, Maltase, Sucrase→ Glucose, fructose, galactose

Lactose intolerance:

• What happens in body?

• effects?

• Treatment

little amounts of lactase and cannot consume lactose

• lactose in stomach remains undigested and prevents water from being absorbed

• gas, bloating, cramping

• add lactase enzyme drops/tablet or don’t consume dairy

DIGESTION OF PROTEINS

Describe how proteins are broken down

Digestion of proteins begins in stomach when ______

Lg. polypeptides → small polypeptides/peptides→ amino acid monomers

pepsinogen → pepsin at pH 1.5-2.5

STEPS OF PROTEIN DIGESTION IN INTESTINE

1. Trypsin/Chymotrypsin (pancreas)

2. Carboxypeptidase (Pancreas)

3. Brush border enzymes (aminopeptidases) break oligopeptides and dipeptides into amino acids

STEPS IN LIPID DIGESTION IN INTESTINE

Emulsification: triglycerides and their breakdown products are insoluble in water (need bile salts to break large fats down)

Digestion: pancreatic lipases break down fat into monoglyceride plus two free fatty acids

Malabsorption caused by?

Gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease):

• what does this mean?

• What does the gluten do?

• Treatment?

anything that interferes with delivery of bile or pancreatic juice

common malabsorption disease

• immune reaction to gluten

• gluten damages intestinal villi and brush border

• eliminate gluten from diet