AP Psych: Mental and Physical Health

Eustress stress

Positive and motivating stress

Debiliatating Stress

negative and debilitating stress/ distress

ACE/ adverse childhood experiences

abuse or other childhood trauma that influences long term stress response and negatively impacts health

GAS or general adaptation system

selye’s concept of the babys adaptive response to stress in three phases

three phases of GAS

Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Alarm

sympathetic nervous system is activated ( increase of heat rate, more blood is distributed to muscles, ready to fight)

Resistance/ fight or flight

increases our survival (increase of heat rate, distributes more blood to muscles, dulls pain, releases sugar and fat)

exhaustion

more vulnerable to illness

tend and befriend coping

under stress people may nurture themselves and others and bond with others/ seek support from others

problem focused coping

trying to alleviate stress directly by changing the stress or the way we interact with that stressor

emotion focused coping

trying to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction

Positive psychology

the scientific study of humans florishing eith the goal of promoting strength and virtues that foster well being, resilience and positive emotions that help communities and individuals strive

gratitude

an appreciative emotion people offten experience when they benefit from others actions or recognize their own good fortune

signature strengths or virtues: wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence

a classification system to identify positive traits that foster wellbeing, resilience and positive emotions

posttraumatic growth

a positive psychological transformation that individuals may experience after struggling with high challenging life circumstances or trauma

psychological disorders

a disturbance in people’s thoughts, emotions or behaviors that causes distress or suffering and impair their daily lives

dysfunction

interfering with normal day to day life

perception of distress

an individuals subjective interpretation and experience of emotional and psychological suffereing

deviation from the social norm

behaviors thoughts or emotions that violate unwritten rules and expected standards of conduct within a specific society or culture

APA American Psychiatric Association

Primary professional organization for psychologists in the US states ethical guidelines, researching and defining mental health to help understand psychological disorders research methods and behavioral studies

DSM: Diagnostic statistical manual of mental illness

book used to guide trained mental health professionals to diagnoses and treatments

WHO: world health organization

united nations specialized agency resposible for international public health

ICD: international classification of mental dissorders

WHO’s book allowing easier tracking of world wide trends in psychological disorders

Eclectric approach

a theraputic tequnique that avoids rigid adherence to a single theory and instead combines various methods (behavioral, cognitive, psychodinamic) tailored to a clients specific needs

behavioral perspective

maladaptive learned associations

psychodynamic perspective

unresolved childhood conflicts and unconsious thoughts

humanistic perspective

lack of social support and the inability to fulfill ones potential

cognitive perspective

maladaptive thoughts, beleifs, attitudes or emotions

evolutionary perspective

maladaptive forms of behaviors that enable human survival

biological perspective

genetic or physiological predispositions

biopsychosocial model

framework in psych that explains health and illness by looking at biological, psychological and social factors

genetic vulnerability (diathesis)

concept that genetic predispositions (diathesis) combine with environmental stressors to influence psychological disorders

Neurodevelopmental disorders

central nervous system abnormalities that starts in childhood and alter thinking and behavior (such as intellectual limitations or a psychological disorders )

ADHD (attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder)

marked by extreme inattention and or hyperactivity and impulsivity

ASD (autism spectrum disorder)

appears in childhood and is marked by limitations in communications and social interactions and by rigidly fixated interest and repetitive behavior

Schizophrenic Spectrum disorder

A group of disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, speech disorganized or unusual motor behavior and negative symptoms (diminished emotional expression)

schizophrenic spectrum: delusions

a false belief often persecution or grandeur that may accompany psychotic dissorders

schizophrenic spectrum: hallucinations

a false sensory experience occuring without external stimuli (disconnect from reality)

Schizophrenic spectrum: disorganized thinking or speech

thoughts spilling out without no logical order

schizophrenic spectrum: disorganized motor behavior

erratically, aimless, bizarre actions that hinder a goal, direct activity (consisting a positive symptom)

Schizophrenic spectrum: negative symptoms

appropriate behaviors are absent

schizophrenic spectrum: acute

(reactive schizophrenia) can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event and form which recovery is more likey

Schizophrenic spectrum: Chronic

(process schizophrenia) symptoms usually apprear by late adolescence to early adulthood. as people age phychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.

Depressive disorder

group of disorders characterized by an enduring sad, empty or irritable mood, along with physical and cognitive changes that affect a persons ability to function

persistent depressive disorder

a disorder in which people experience a depressed mood more days than not for at least 2 years

bipolar disorder

a group of disorders in which a person alternated between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the over exited states of mania

Mania

a hyperactive wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common

bipolar 1

the most sever form in which people experience an euphoric, talkative, highly energetic and overly ambitious state that lasts longer than a week

bipolar 2

less sever form in which people move between depression and a milder hypomania

anxiety disorder

a group of disorders characterized by exsesive fear and anxiety related maladaptive behaviors

anxiety disorder: specific phobia

person is intensly and excesivly afraid of somthing

Anxiety disorders: agrophobia

fear or avoidance of situations such as a crowd or wide open places where one may experience a loss of control and panic

anxitry disorder: panic disorder

person experiences panic attacks and fears the next panic attack

anxiety disorder: social anxiety disorder

intense fear and avoidance of social situations

anxiety disorder: generalized anxiety disorder

a person worries about many things that they cannot control and is continually tense and uneasy

obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCD)

characterized by obsessives and compulsions

obsessive compulsive and related disorders: obsessions

unwanted andseemingly unending obsessive thoughts

obsessive compulsive and related disorders: compulsions

compulsive behaviors are responses those thoughts

hoarding disorder

a persistent difficulty parting with possesions, regardless of their values

dissociative disorder

a rear group of disorders characterized by a disruption of or discontinuance in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation motor control and behavior

Dissociative disorders with fuge (fuge; to leave) (amnesia)

people with intack brains reportedly experience memorygaps; not rememering trauma- related specific events, people, places or aspects of their identity and life history

Dissociative disorders: Dissociative Identity disorder (DID)

a person exhibits two or more distinct and altering personalities

trauma and stressor related disorders

a group of disorders in which exposure to a traumatic event is followed by psychological distress

trauma and stressor related disorders: hypervigilance

enhanced state of sensory sensitivity accompanied by an exaggerated intensity of behaviors designed to detect threats

trauma and stressor related disorders: flashbacks

vivid, involuntary and intrusive rexperienceing of the trauma- where individual feels the event is happening again

trauma and stressor related disorders: insomnia

difficulty falling asleep/staying asleep or having nightmares

trauma and stressor related disorders: emotional detachment

emotional numbers, detachment, avoidance and re-experienceing the trauma

trauma and stressor related disorders: hostility

irritability, angry outbursts, aggressive behavior, often drivern by hyperarousal and negative altercations in mood

trauma and stressor related disorders: posttraumatic stress disorder

characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma- related stimului, social withdrawls, jumpy anxiety, numbness if feeling and or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic event

feeding and eating disorders

altered consumption or absorbtion for food that impairs health or psychological functions

Feeding dissorder ages

infants/ young

eating dissorder ages

older/ can feed themselves

feeding and eating disorders: anorexia nervosa

usually adolescent female, maintains a starvation diet despite being signifigantly underweight and has an inaccurate self perception; can be accompanied with excessive exercise

feeding and eating disorders: bulimia nervosa

a persons binge eating is followed by innapropriet weight loss promoting behaviors;such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting or exssesive exersize

personality dissorders

a group of dissorders characterized by enduring interexperiences or behavior patterns that may differfrom someone's cultural norms and expectations, are pervasive and inflexible, being in adolescence or early adulthood, are more stable overtime and causes distress or impairment.

personality dissorders: cluster a: odd and eccentric

superstitious, social detachment and magical thinking

-paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality dissorder, schizoytdal personality dissorders

personality dissorders: cluster b: dramatic, emotional, erratic

unstable, attention getting, self inflating, excessivly emotional, callus and dangerous

-boarderline personality dissorders, narcissistic personality dissorders, histrionic personality dissorders, antisocial personality dissorders

personality dissorders; Cluster C: anxious and fearfull

fearful sensitivity to regection, withdrawn, clining behavior, preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism and control

-avoidant personality dissorders, dependent personality dissorders, obssesive- compulsive personality dissorder

meta analysis

a statistical procedures analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach and overall conclusion

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological tequniques; consisted of interactions between trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome phycological difficulties or achieve personal growth

decentralized treatments

the process begin in the late 20th century of moving people with physchological dissorders out of institutions

ethical principal: nonmaleficence

seek to benifit you and do you no harm

ethical principal: fidelity

establish a feeling of trust and a defined roles of therapist to uphold a professional standard of conduct and be of service to the therapeutic community

ethical principal: integrity

be honesty, truthfully and accurate

ethical principal: respect for people’s rights and dignity

respect the dignity and worth of you and others, recognizing the right to privacy, confidentially and self determination

psychodynamic therapies: free association

developed by Signund Feud, patients relax and verbalize every thought, feeling or image that comes to mind without censorship

psychodynamic therapies: dream interpretation

therapists analyzing the content of clients dreams to uncover underlying unconsious, conflicts, desires and anxieties

cognitive therapies: cognitive restructuring

theraputic process designed to identify, challenge and replace irrational, maladaptive or self-defeating thoughts with more realistic, constructive benefits

cognitive therapies: cognitive restructuring

theraputic process designed to identify challenge and replace irrational maladaptive or self defeating thoughts with more realistic, constructive beliefs

cognitive therapies: fear hierarchies

lists a patients feared, avoided situations, ranked from least to most anxiety provoking

cognitive therapies: cognitive triad (oneself, the world, and the future)

a model for depression identifying3 inner linked negative thought patters -negative view of the self, the world, and the future aiming to replace these negatives with positives

behavior analysis: exposure therapies- systematic desensitization

treats anxiety by exposing people (imaginary or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid

behavior analysis: aversion therapy

associates an umpleasent state (nausea) to unwanted behavior (drinking alcohol)

behavior analysis: token economies

an operant conditioning procedure in which people ear a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats

behavior analysis: biofeedback

mild/ body methoth that use electronic intraments to measure, amplify and feed back information regarding subtle often involuntary, phosiological proceses to enable an individual and gain voluntary control over them

person centered therapy: unconditional positive regard

the therapists non-judgmental, total acceptance and support of the client, regardless of what client says or does

hypnosis

a social interaction in which a person (hypnostist) suggustd to another (subject) that certain percepitations, feeling, thoughts or behaviors will spontainiously occur

used to reduce paina and anxiety

antisychotic

drugs used to treat severe thought disorders

antianxiety

drugs used to control anxiety and depression

antidepressent

drugs used to treat depression, anxiety, OCD and PTSD