Unit 5: Land and Water Use

Wilderness preservation areas

________: open only for recreational activities with no logging permitted.

Loss of root struc

________ allows naturally occurring acids to run off into streams.

Silviculture

________: management of forest plantations for the purpose of harvesting timber.

Urbanization

________ and industrialization: machines ready to work land and harvest crops → farms= factories.

Greenbelts

________: open or forested areas built at the outer edge of a city.

Carp release

________ from fish farming causing issues in Mississippi River and Great lakes.

SMCRA

Air, land, and water harmed by mining can be reclaimed through mine restoration projects- [1977] surface mining control and reclamation act (________): program to help coal mines manage pollutants.

Capture fisheries

________: caught in the wild and not raised in captivity for consumption.

USFG

________ owns 35 % of all land in the US- [1916] national park sys: manage and preserve forests and grasslands.

Refinement

________ of mined minerals often requires extensive energy input.

O2

Good: maintains habitat /bioD; releases ________; stores carbon; slows gw; absorbs air pollutants; reg local temps and maintains micro /regional climates; reduces erosion- preserves soil quality; maintains nutrient cycles Deforestation.

Traditional subsistence ag

________: each family grew crops for themselves; families primarily relied on animal and human labor to plant and harvest crops (provides enough food for one familys survival)

methods

No- till ________: plant seeds without using a plow to turn the soil.

Agroforestry

________: trees and crops planted together.

decr nutrient

Disads: bacteria, disease, water disposal, ________ content qual of animal feed, ethical concerns Urban runoff.

Driftnets

________: float through the water and indiscriminately catch everything in their path.

DA

________: waterlogs plants roots which kill crops, causes water table of region to rise Integrated pest management.

Mitigate

________: flood fields w massive amounts of water tomvoet he salt deeper into the soil.

Groundwater

________: water from below the ground (wells or aquifers)

CAFO

________: lots of meat or dairy animals confined in small areas.

SOLUTION

________: restrictions on the use of drignets; installation of ribbons on bait hooks that scare away birds and prevent them from being caught; bans on bottom trawling.

occupation

Fishery: industry or ________ devoted to catching, processing, or selling of fish, shellfish, or other aquatic animals.

Bottom trawling

________: ocean floor scraped by heavy nets that smash everything in their path (incl whole marine mountains known as seamounts)

Aquifers

________ become compacted → mineral grains collapse on each other and the area is unable to hold as much water.

Trees

________ create habitats for animals that prey upon the pests that harm crops → roots stabilize and enrich soil.

natural areas

Promote ecotourism to protect ________ and discourage tree harvesting.

Ore

________: rock or mineral from which a valuable substance can be extracted at a profit Env MPX.

Shelter wood cutting

________: mature trees cut over a period of time.

highest economic value

Fish raised in captivity are those with the ________.

Clear cutting

________: removal of all trees in an area (typically done in areas with fast growing trees)

Excavation of earth

________ for the purpose of extracting ore or minerals.

Crop rotation

________: provides soils with nutrients.

Prior appropriation

________: water rights given to those who have historically used water in a certain area (water squatters rights) Mining General notes.

Prevent shoreline erosion → shields

________ inland areas from severe damage during hurricanes and tidal waves.

Contour plowing

________: rows of crops plowed across hillside, preventsoersion that can occur when rows are cut up and down on a slope.

Long lining

________: use of long lines that have baited hooks and will take in numerous aquatic organisms.

Nonmetallic minerals

________: mined to be used in their natural state.

Plantation farming

________: monoculture cash crop exported to dev nations Soil degradation.

Mineral deposit

________: area in which a particular mineral is concentrated.

Selective cutting

________: removal of select trees in an area → leavers majority of habitat in place and has less of an MPX on the ecosys.

Crown fires

________: start on ground or canopies of forests; spread quickly and are char by high temperatures bc they consume underbrush and dead material on the forest floor → huge threat to wildlife, human life, and property.

Urbanization

________: groundwater incapable of being replenished bc they build structures and roads impermeable to precipitation.

Loss of root struc

________, leaf litter, canopy leads to incr soil erosion and runoff.

Aquifers

________: underground beds or layers of earth, gravel, porous stone that yields water.

Unit 5

Land & Water Use Agriculture 2 General notes 2 Slash and burn 2 Fertilizers and pesticides 2 Irrigation 2 Integrated pest management 3 Genetically engineered plants 3 Monoculture 3 Soil degradation 3 Meat production 3 Urban runoff 4 Forest resources 4 General notes 4 Deforestation 4 Forest policy 6 Natural events 6 Ocean resources 7 General notes 7 Overfishing 7 Threatened aquatic ecosystems 8 Legislation 8 Water importance 9 General notes 9 Env MPX 10 Water rights 10 Mining 10 General notes 10 Env MPX 11 Regulations 11 Agriculture General notes

Urbanization and industrialization

machines ready to work land and harvest crops → farms = factories

Traditional subsistence ag

each family grew crops for themselves; families primarily relied on animal and human labor to plant and harvest crops (provides enough food for one familys survival)

Repeated irrigation leads to salinization

sig buildup of salts on soils surface → land unusable for crops

Mitigate

flood fields w massive amounts of water tomvoet he salt deeper into the soil

DA

waterlogs plants roots which kill crops, causes water table of region to rise Integrated pest management

Plantation farming

monoculture cash crop exported to dev nations Soil degradation

Contour plowing

rows of crops plowed across hillside, preventsoersion that can occur when rows are cut up and down on a slope

Terracing

flat platforms that are cut into the hillside to provide a level planting surface → decr soil runoff and erosion on slope

No-till methods

plant seeds without using a plow to turn the soil

Crop rotation

provides soils with nutrients

Intercropping (strip cropping)

planting bands of diff crops across a hillside; prevent erosion by creating an extensive network of roots (plant roots holds the soil in place and decr soil erosion) Meat production

CAFO

lots of meat or dairy animals confined in small areas

benefits

minimizes land costs, improves feeding efficiency, incr energy that goes into meat

disads

bacteria, disease, water disposal, decr nutrient content qual of animal feed, ethical concerns Urban runoff

Old growth forest

one that has never been cut; contain incredible bioD, highly evolved intricate niches for multitude of organisms; myriad habitats

Second growth forests

cutting has occurred and a new younger forest has arisen naturally

Plantation/tree farms

planted and managed tracts of trees that are harvested for commercial use

Silviculture

management of forest plantations for the purpose of harvesting timber

Clear-cutting

removal of all trees in an area (typically done in areas with fast growing trees)

Selective cutting

removal of select trees in an area → leavers majority of habitat in place and has less of an MPX on the ecosys

Uneven-aged management

trees that take longer to grow

Shelter-wood cutting

mature trees cut over a period of time

Agroforestry

trees and crops planted together

Industrialized countries

high demand for weed, less deforestation

Developing countries

small demand for wood, more deforestation

USFG owns 35% of all land in the US -[1916] national park sys

manage and preserve forests and grasslands

Wilderness preservation areas

open only for recreational activities with no logging permitted

Greenbelts

open or forested areas built at the outer edge of a city

Mitigate by

removing infected trees; removing select trees/planting them sparsely to provide adequate spacing; use chemical and natural pest controls; carefully inspecting imported trees and tree products; developing pest/disease resistant species of trees thru genetic engineering

Surface fires

burn only forests underbrush; do little damage to mature trees; protects forest from more harmful fires by removing underbrush and dead materials that would burn quickly and at high temperature, escalating more severe fires

Crown fires

start on ground or canopies of forests; spread quickly and are char by high temperatures bc they consume underbrush and dead material on the forest floor → huge threat to wildlife, human life, and property

SOLUTION

controlled burns (small fires) Ocean resources General notes

Fishery

industry or occupation devoted to catching, processing, or selling of fish, shellfish, or other aquatic animals

Capture fisheries

caught in the wild and not raised in captivity for consumption

By-catch

any other species of fish, mammals, or birds that are caught that are not the target fish

Driftnets

float through the water and indiscriminately catch everything in their path

Long lining

use of long lines that have baited hooks and will take in numerous aquatic organisms

Bottom trawling

ocean floor scraped by heavy nets that smash everything in their path (incl whole marine mountains known as seamounts)

SOLUTION

restrictions on the use of drignets; installation of ribbons on bait hooks that scare away birds and prevent them from being caught; bans on bottom trawling

CONCERN

accidental release of farmed fish into the wild

CONCERN

fish raised in captivity are fed captured wild fish → we want to kill fewer wild fish

Coral bleaching

higher than usual water temperature cause the death of zooxanthellae = death of coral reef

Support

bacteria, other decomposers, filter feeders → worms, protozoa, barnacles, oysters, invertebrates → shrimp and fish → wading birds, pelicans, crocodile

Industries

fisheries, recreation, transp, ag, etc

Groundwater

water from below the ground (wells or aquifers)

Aquifers

underground beds or layers of earth, gravel, porous stone that yields water

Unconfined aquifers

water is free to flow both vertically and horizontally

Confined aquifers

boundaries that dont readily transport water

Water-stressed countries

have a renewable annual water supply of about 1000-2000 m3 per person

Water-scarce countries

have a renewable annual water supply of less than 1000 m3 per person

Urbanization

groundwater incapable of being replenished bc they build structures and roads impermeable to precipitation

SOLUTION

Interbasin transfer

SOLUTION

desalination

Riparian right

right of people who have legal rights to a riparian area (relating to the banks of a natural course of water)

Prior appropriation

water rights given to those who have historically used water in a certain area (water squatters rights) Mining General notes