PMLS History of Medical Technology

Hippocrates

Father of medicine, advocated urine tasting, listening to lung sounds, and diagnosis via appearance.

Bubbles, Blood, or Pus

Hippocrates that having this in urine = kidney or chronic diseases

Blood, phlegm, yellow bile (urine) and black bile (poop)

Four humors

Galen

• a Greek physician and Philosopher

• Suggested that diabetes = diarrhea of urine

• Described relationships between fluid intake and urine volume

Diabetes = diarrhea of urine

Galen suggested this

Fluid intake and urine volume

Galen described the relationships between these two

Hematuria

Blood in urine

Uroscopy

Water castings

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

• Invented the first microscope

• 1st described red blood cells, protozoa, and classified bacteria according to shape

• father of microbiology

18th century

Machine and techniques were developed

19th century

• medical devices are present

• John HutchinSon's spirometer and Jules Herisson's sphygmamometer

• Aniline dye for bacterial staining

• Public Health Era

John Hutchinson

Invented the spirometer

Spirometer

derived from the Latin word SPIRO (to breathe) and METER (to measure), is a medical test which provides diagnostics information to assess a patient’s lung function

SPIRO

derived from the this latin word that means to breathe

METER

derived from the this latin word that means to measure

Jules Herisson

Invented sphygmomanometer

Sphygmomanometer

• an instrument which renders the action of the arteries apparent to the eye

• measure blood pressure

Public health era

Era of 19th century

Stethoscope

Created by Rene Laennec in 1816, it’s main function is to check the lung and heart sounds

Ophthalmscope

Created by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1855. It’s the first visual technology.

Laryngoscope

Created in 1855 by Manuel Garcia. It observes throat and larynx via two mirrors

X-ray

Ceated in 1859 by Wilhem Roetgen. It views the inside of the body without surgery, it is also used to diagnose a pneumonia.

Electrocardiograph

Created in 1903 by William Einthoven. It checks electrical changes in the heart.

Kenny Method

Created by Elizabeth Kenny in 1910. It is a Polio treatment via hot pack and muscle compression. It leads to the development of Sylvia stretcher in 1929 for transporting patient.

Polio

infantile paralysis

Sylvia stretcher

Developed in 1929, it is used for transporting patients in shock

Drinker respirator

Created by Philip Drinker in 1927. An artificial respirator for patients with paralytic anterior poliomyelitis.

Heart-lung machine

Developed by John Gibbon in 1939. A machine that could temporarily take over the circulation of blood and oxygenation crucial for open-heart surgery.

Cardiac catheterization and angiography

Created in 1929 by Forsmann; Developed in 1930-1940 by Moniz Rousthoi and Reboul; Cournand provd this safe for human in 1941. It is the insertion of cannula in an arm vein and into the heart with injection of radiopaque dye for x-ray visualization of the heart, lung vessels, and valves

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

provides detailed images of internal structures at very high magnification

Color and Clarity

Galen inspired the modern practice of checking of this in urine

Electron Microscope

Visualization of small tumor cells, it scans electron and transmission electron microscopes

Tomography

Radiologic technique that produces clear cross-sectional (slice-like) X-ray images of deep internal structures.

Computed Tomography

• also known as CT scan or scanning

• Tomography paved way for this

• uses x-ray

Magnetic Response Imaging (MRI)

• A medical imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and computer-generated radio waves to produce detailed images of organs and tissues.

• Different from CT scans because it uses magnetic fields and radio waves, unlike CT scans, that use X-rays.

1985

William Pepper Laboratory (University of Pennsylvania) was opened.

• Highlighted the service role of clinical laboratories

1918

John Kolmer called for the development of methods to certify medical technologists on a national scale.

• Published the demand for and training of laboratory technicians, leading to the first formal training course in Medical Technology

Legislature of Pennsylvania

passed a law requiring that all institutions should have a fully equipped laboratory

1920

Clinical laboratory administration:

• Directed by a chief physician.

• Divisions included: Clinical Pathology, Bacteriology, Microbiology, Serology, Radiology.

1922

• ASCP (American Society of Clinical Pathology) was founded which encouraged cooperation between physicians an clinical pathologists, as well as technicians and technologist.

• Established a Code of Ethics

American Society of Clinical Pathology

ASCP, founded in 1922

1950

U.S Government granted professional recognition to medical technologist.

1565

Spaniards established the first hospital, Hospital Real in Cebu, which was later transferred to Manila to serve military patients.

Hospital Real

first hospital in Cebu, established by the Spaniards in 1565

1578

San Lazaro Hospital was built by the Franciscans for the poor and fro patients with leprosy

San Lazaro Hospital

built in 1578 by the Franciscans for the poor and for patients with leprosy

1596

Hospital de San Juan de Dios was founded by the Spaniards to provide medical care for the poor.

Hospital de San Juan de Dios

founded in 1596 by the Spaniards.

1611

University of Santo Tomas (UST) was founded by the Dominicans.

1641

Hospital de San Jose was founded in Cavite

Hospital de San Jose

founded in 1641 in Cavite

1806

The Central Board of Vaccination was organized to produce and distribute smallpox vaccine lymog; by 1898, there were 122 vaccinators assigned in Manila and provincial towns.

1871

UST formally opened Faculty of Pharmacy and the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery.

1876

Provincial Medical Officers were appointed to provide health services throughout the provinces

1883 - 1886

The Board of Health and Charity was created in this year and expanded in this year to improve and organize public health services.

1886

Boletin de Medicina de Manila, the first medical journal in the Philippines was published

Boletin de Medicina de Manila

first medical journal in the Philippines, published in 1886

1887

The Laboratorio Municipal de Manila was established for the analysis of food, water, and clinical samples.

Laboratorio Municipal de Manila

Antonio Luna worked here, established in 1887, for the analysis of food, water, and clinical samples

Antonio Luna

worked in Laboratorio Municipal de Manila as a chemical expert, pioneering water testing, forensic chemistry, and environmental studies

1893

Revista Farmaceutica de Filipinas (Pharmaceutical Review of the Philippines), a professional pharmacy journal, was published (magazine)

Revista Farmaceutica de Filipinas

a professional pharmacy journal, published in 1893

1895

Cronicas de Ciencias Medicas (Chronicles of Medical Science in the Philippines) another medical journal was published

1898

The Spanish Military Hospital in Manila was converted into the First Reserve Hospital by Lt. Col Henry Lippincott of the U.S. Army. Dr. Richard P. Strong later utilized its diagnostic laboratory for autopsies and clinical examinations.

Spanish Military Hospital

converted by Lt. Col Henry Lippincott into the First Reserve Hospital in 1898.

Dr. Richard P. Strong

utilized the diagnostic laboratory of the First Reserve Hospital for autopsies and clinical examinations

1899-1902

The Spanish colonial health system collapsed during the Philippine-American War, and the Americans introduced military-based health institutions.

1905

The Bureau of Science was established for medical officers who sought to study tropical disease.

1909

• bureau of science with up-pgh

• medical researcher and studies were done in 700 fecal samples, 900 urine samples, and 7oo blood samples focusing on cholera, malaria, leprosy, tuberculosis, and dysentery

1915

Bureau of Health was reorganized into the Philippine Health Service to strengthen public health delivery.

1927

UP College of Public Health opened its Certificate in Public Health program to provide training for health officers of the Philippine Health Service

1933

The Philippine Health Service was reverted back to the Bureau of Health

1942-1945

US Army Medical Laboratory units in PH

1945

• The 26th Medical Laboratory of the 6th US Army was established at 208 Quiricada Street, Sta. Cruz, Manila and become the first clinical laboratory in the country.

• US Army left the laboratory; lab was endorsed to the National Department of Health

1947

Dr. Pio de Roda, with Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana and Dr. Tirso Briones, initiated a 6-month laboratory training program for aspiring medical laboratory technicians, issuing certificates upon completion.

1955

Two more MedTech pioneers graduated: Mr. Avelino Oliva and Ms. Adoracion Yutuc.

1957

UST opened its Medical Technology program (initially as elective under Pharmacy) By 1961, it was officially recognized as a degree course

1963

The Philippine Association of Medical Technologists (PAMET) was founded by Crisanto Almario to promote the profession and uphold ethical standards.

1969

The Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969 (Republic Act 5527) was enacted, providing the legal basis for the practice of Medical Technology in the Philippines.

1970

• The Philippine Association of Schools of Medical Technology and Public Health (PASMETH) was established.

• The Board of Medical Technology was created

• The first licensure examination for medical technologists was administered.

1971

The first oath-taking ceremony for licensed medical technologists was conducted.

1973

Presidential Decree 223 created the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC).

1994

Republic Act 7722 created the Commission on Higher Education (CHED).

2000

Republic Act 8981, the PRC Modernization Act, was enacted.

2006

CHED Memorandum Order No. 14, s. 2006 shortened the internship period for MedTech students was shortened from 1 year to 6 months.

2016

Republic Act 10912, the Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Law, was passed.

2017

CHED Memorandum Order No. 13, s. 2017 reverted the internship requirement for MedTech students back to 1 year.

Mrs. Willa Hilgert-Hedrick

is acknowledged as the founder of Medical Technology in the Philippines.

Mrs. Antoinette Mc Kelvey

a trainee of Dr. Papanicolaou joined Mrs. Hedrick in putting up the first complete laboratory in the Philippines at the Manila Sanitarium Hospital

Edward Jenner

discovered vaccination for smallpox in 1796

Marie Francois Xavier Bichat

In 1800, he identified organs by their issue types

Agostino Bassi

In 1835, he produced disease in worms by injection of organic material (silkworm disease)

Louis Pasteur

In 1857, he produces immunity to rabies; contributions to germ theory

Gregor Mendel

In 1866, he enunciated his law of inherited charcteristics from plant studies

Joseph Lister

• Father of antiseptic (modern) surgery

• In 1870, he proved surgical infections are caused by airborne organism

Robert Koch

In 1877, he presented the first images of bacilli (anthrax, later tubercle bacilli)

Elie Metchnikoff

In 1886, he described phagocytes in blood and their roles in fighting infection

Ernst von Bergmann

In 1886, he introduced steam sterilization in surgery

Karl Landsteiner

In 1902, he distinguished blood groups; developed ABO blood group system

August von Wassermann

In 1906, he developed immunologic test for syphilis