NC State PSY 200 Test 3

Intelligence

No agreed definition;

Combination of: general abilities and practiced skills

Generalized problem-solving ability in familiar and unfamiliar situations

Develops gradually, based on experience

Spearman's Psychometric Approach

Measured performance of many people on diverse tasks;

Performance on one test had positive correlation to other tests;

Four types of intelligence(g)

Mechanical, Logical, Arithmetical, Spatial

Raymond Cattell

modified Spearman's psychometric model;

Fluid and Crystalized intelligence

Fluid intelligence

Reasoning, Applying information

Crystalized intelligence

Acquired skills and knowledge over time;

Application to specific content of a person's experience

Gardner's theory

Multiple intelligence;

separate un-related forms of intelligence;

Hard to test these

Sternberg's Triarchic theory

Cognitive processes, Situations that require intelligence, Relationship of intelligence to external world. Analytical, creative, and intelligence

Cognative process

Learning the information, Planning a problem solving approach, combination of 1 and 2

Situational aspect

Ability to distinguish between familiar and novel situation

Relationship to external world

Practical skills; adapt to environment, improve environment, and escape to better environment.

IQ Test

Measures probable school performance

First IQ Test

Develeped by Binet and Simon;

To identify schoolchildren with serious intellectual deficiencies.

Stanford-Binet test

Terman and co modified Binet's Test;

Baseline at which all questions are answered correctly

Ceiling at which all items answered incorrectly

Wechsler Tests

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Raven's Progressive Matrices

Culture-reduced test: assess cognitive ability without need of language

Standardized

establish rules for administering a test to compare scores;

Must determine norms/average

Reliability

Repeatability or consistency of its scores;

Can calculate correlation coefficient

Validity

How well measures what it claims to measure

Personality

Set of characteristic feelings, behaviors, and thoughts that persons consistently exhibit across a variety of situations

Psychodynamic Theories

Interplay of conflicting forces within individual

Freud

Focus on sexual motivations

3 levels of Conciousness

Conscious mind-we are paying attention

Preconscious mind-Things we are aware of, but not paying attention to

Unconscious mind-Memories and emotions; not aware

3 components

Id-Biological drives

Ego-Rational, negotiating, and decision-making

Superego-Internalized values and rules

Repression

Forgetting that an unpleasant memory ever happened.

Denial

Pretend that it never happened.

Rationalization

Come up with a reason that what happened is ok

Displacement

Take emotions towards one person and move it to another

Regression

Regress to a lower level of maturity

Projection

Project your emotions and pretend that they feel the same way you do

Reaction Formation

Tell people that you are experiencing the opposite emotion than you actually are

Sublimation

Release emotion through a different method

I.E. Running when you are mad

Jung's Theory

Greater influence on spiritual meaning

Collective unconscious

Cumulative experience of preceding generations

Jung's Archrtype

Self-regulating center of psyche

shadow-chaos, wildness of character

anima-feminine image of man's psyche

animus-masculine image in woman's psyche

persona-image we present to the world

Adler's Individual Psychology

Understanding of whole person

Natural strive for superiority; Style of life = master plan

Inferiority complex

Failure to achieve personal excellence

Humanistic Theories

People make conscious decisions about what to do with their lives

Self-actualization: Achievement of full potential, study peak experiences

Personality Trait

Consistent personality characteristics that can be identified, measured and studied

Personality State

Changing

Neuroticism

How anxious, moody or critical you are

Extraversion

How out going you are

Agreeableness

How willing you are to go along with something

Conscientiousness

Concern for the well fair of others

Openness to new experiences

Willingness to try new things

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

567 true-false

NEO Personality Inventory

Based on 5 big traits

240 items on 5-point scale

Rorschach Inkblots

10 ambiguous inkblots

Thematic Apperception Test

Series of pictures

Asked to tell a story about it

Psychological disorder

Serious impairment in:

thinking, feeling, mood, or ability to relate to others

Daily functioning.

Impairment

Culturally-defined

3 categories of risk factors

Biological, psychological, and social and cultural factors

Biological factors

Genetics, Injury, abnormal brain development, brain damage, imbalance of neurotransmitters, imbalance of hormones

Psychological factors

life history, life experiences, coping skills, self-esteem, social skills

Social and cultural factors

Other's behavior and expectations (abnormality is culturally defined)

DSM

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Published by american psychiatric association

Uniform definition and criteria for diagnosis

DSM-IV

5 axes

1.Primary, clinical disorders

2. Personality disorders and mental retardation

3. Medical conditions and disorders (psychological functioning)

4. Psychosocial and environmental factors for disorder

5. Level of functioning

Anxiety

Fear and caution in face of potential hazards

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Almost constant and exaggerated worry

About 5% of population have this

Often seen with mood disorders

Panic Disorder

Frequent periods of anxiety

Occasional panic attacks; rapid breathing, increased heart rate, chest pains, sweating... last a few minutes

About 1-3% more women than men

Phobias

Strong, persistent fear of a specific object or situation that interferes with daily fears (not all extreme fears are phobias)

About 11% of US adults have phobias

Typically does not persist (Many lose phobia by middle age)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Obsessions: repetitive, unwelcome streams of thought

Compulsions: repetitive, irresistible actions

Psychotic disorders

Severe psychological disorders that cause abnormal thinking and perceptions

Main symptoms: Delusions and hallucinations

Schizophrenia

Complete deterioration of daily activities and at least 2: hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders,incoherent speech, grossly disorganized behavior, loss of normal emotional or social responses

Positive symptom

Presence of something abnormal

Negative symptoms

Absence of normal behaviors

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

Positive symptoms

Not unusually pronounced or bizzar

Catatonic Schizophrenia

Rigid inactivity or

Excessive activity

Disorganized Schizophrenia

Incoherent speech, Extreme isolation, odd behavior

Aka hebephrenic

Paranoid Schizophrenia

Pronounced hallucinations and delusions

Most common

Mood Disorders

Persistent problem in emotional state (mood)

about 21% will experience it

about 10% in past 12 months

Women>men

onset typically ~30 years of age

Major Depressive disorders

Extreme, persists for months

Little interest in anything

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Depression that occurs at a certain time of year

More prevelent when there is less sun

Women>men

Postpartum Depression

Moderate to severe depressive symptoms in a woman within first year after giving birth

about 9-16% of women

Dysthymia

Chronic low-level depression

about 1.5% of adults

Bipolar Disorder

Depression: Symptoms of MDD

Mania: Constantly active and unihibited

Type 1

At least one episode of mania

Type 2

alternate between major depression and hypomania (milder form of mania)

Psychotherapy

Treatment involving ongoing relationship between a trained therapist and client(s)

Psychodynamic therapy

Assumption:

Personality = interplay of conflicting forces

Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis

Bring unconscious thoughts and emotions to consciousness through: Free association, Transference, Dream analysis

Behavioral therapy

assumption:

Behavior is learned and can be unlearned.

Specific behavioral goals are set.

Cognitive therapy

Focus on changing thoughts and beliefs about situations

Problem-solving orientation

rational-emotive therapy

Assumption: Thoughts precede emotions; Unpleasant feelings result from irrational thoughts

Focus on replacing irrational thoughts with rational ones

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Sets clear goals for changing behavior

Emphasis;

Person's interpretation of thoughts and events

Humanistic therapy

Assumption: Mismatch between self-concept and ideal self -> psychological distress.

Person-centered therapy

Person-centered therapy

Provide unconditional positive regard

Do NOT: interpret client's thoughts or feelings or offer advice

Family systems

Assumption: problem arise in family settings

Treats person in family context

Focus on improving: family relationships and communication.

Drug Treatment for schizophrenia

Antipsychotic or neuroleptic drugs

works gradually, vary in effectiveness

Serious side effects: tardive dyskinesia, immune suppression, metabolic syndrome

Family therapy: is very stressful to have in life

Drug treatment for major depressive disorder

Antidepressant medications: Tricyclics, serotonin reuptake inhibiters, MAOIs, atypical antidepressants affectneurotransmitters

St. John's Wort: Herb that has antidepressant effects, avoid other medication

other treatments for depression

Electroconvulsive shock therapy

Brief electrical shock to patient's head

Not fully understood, very controversial.

Drug therapy for bipolar disorder

Lithium: used to treat mania, not well understood how it works, Toxic at high dose.

Valproate: regulates amount of GABA

Anticonvulsants: Calms brain activity

Drug therapies for anxiety disorders

Benzodiazepines: suppress symptoms temporarily, addictive

Anti-depressants: Less habit forming

Beta-blockers

Behavior therapies for phobias

Systematic desensitization: gradual exposure under controlled conditions, virtual reality can be used for this method.

Flooding: Sudden and large-scale exposure to trigger

Psychotherapy for OCD

Exposure therapy: exposure to situation that leads to compulsive behavior occurs

Prevent from engaging in behavior.