Chapter 1 Anatomy

Anatomy

Study of Structure

Physiology

Study of Function

Axial

Referring to the head

Appendicular

Referring to the limbs of the body

Frontal

Referring to the forehead

Orbital

Referring to the eyes

Otic

Referring to the ears

Nasal

Referring to the nose

Buccal

Referring to the cheeks

Oral

Referring to the mouth

Mental

Referring to the chin

Cranial

Referring to the skull

Cervical

Referring to the neck

Trunk

Referring to the thoracic and abdominopelvic regions

Thoracic

Referring to the upper portion of the trunk…above the diaphragm

Abdominopelvic

Referring to the region of the trunk below the diaphragm

Gluteal

Referring to the buttocks

Acromial

Referring to the top of the shoulder

Axillary

Referring to the armpit

Brachial

Referring to the arm

Antebrachial

Referring to the forearm

Antecubital

Referring to the front of the elbow

Carpal

Referring to the wrist

Phalanges

Referring to the fingers and toes

Patellar

Referring to the knee

Popliteal

Referring to the back of the knee

Femoral

Referring to the thigh

Crural

Referring to the shin or front of the leg

Sural

Referring to the calf or back of the leg

Fibular

Referring to the lateral leg

Tarsal

Referring to the ankle

Calcaneal

Referring to the heal

Plantar

Referring to the bottom of the foot

Anterior

Front

Posterior

Back

Dorsal

Spine side

Ventral

Belly side

Superior

Above

Inferior

Below

Ipsilateral

On the same side

Contralateral

On different sides

Proximal

Closer point to the trunk

Distal

Further point from the trunk

Medial

Closer to midline

Lateral

Further from midline

Superficial

Closer to surface

Deep

Farther from surface

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into left and right portions

Transverse Plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Frontal or Coronal Plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Dorsal Cavity

Contains the head

Ventral Cavity

Contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Thoracic Cavity

Contains the Mediastinum and Pleural Cavities. Above the diaphragm

Mediastinum

A space within the thoracic cavity that contains the pericardial cavity (heart) and the trachea and esophagus

Pleural cavities

The part of the thoracic cavities that house the lungs

Abdominopelvic cavity

Contains the abdominal and pelvic cavities. Below the diaphragm

Parietal Membrane

Lines a cavity

Visceral Membrane

Covers an organ

Parietal Pleura

Membranes that line the pleural cavities

Visceral Pleura

Membranes that cover the lungs

Parietal Pericardium

Membrane that lines the heart cavity

Visceral Pericardium

Membrane that covers the heart

Parietal Peritoneum

Membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity

Visceral Peritoneum

Membrane that covers the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity

Retroperitoneal

Behind the Peritoneum/Abdominopelvic cavity

Cardiovascular System

Provides for the movement of essential gasses

Skeletal System

Provides the body with support and mineral storage

Respiratory System

Provides for the movement of gasses into and out of the body.

Nervous System

Provides for sensory input

Integumentary

Includes the skin

Digestive

Provides for the ingestion and breakdown of food

Urinary/Excretory

Provides for cleansing of blood including the removal of metabolic waste

Lymphatic/Immune

Provides the body with protection. Lymphatic vessels and organs cleanse the lymph (fluid from the blood)

Muscular

Allows movement of the body and generates heat

Endocrine

Contains glands that produce hormones used in communication within the body

Brain

Receives

Lungs

Allows for inhalation

Heart

Pumps vital gasses

Stomach

Secretes hydrochloric acid that is used to chemically breakdown food

Liver

Among a variety of metabolic functions

Gall Bladder

Stores and concentrates bile

Pancreas

Produces digestive enzymes

Small Intestine

Continues the process of digesting food with the help of the pancreas and liver/gall bladder. It is also the sight of nutrient absorption

Large Intestine

Water is reabsorbed as feces are compacted and prepared for export. Contains a variety of bacteria including E.coli

Kidneys

Filter the blood of toxins and metabolic waste. They regulate water and ion concentrations and help to regulate blood pressure

Urinary Bladder

Stores the urine produced by the kidneys

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Negative Feedback

A primary mechanism of homeostasis

Positive Feedback

A type of homeostasis regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Rare