U3 L3, A&P232

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28 Terms

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Pacemaker cells possess 
autorhythmicity
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Autorhythmicity (automaticity) is the 
ability to  spontaneously generate an action potential
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Pacemaker cells have unstable resting potentials,  called pacemaker potentials, which initiate 
action potentials in the entire heart
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The pacemaker cells are located in  
* Sinoatrial (SA) node
* Atrioventricular (AV) node  
* Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (the bundle of His)
* Right & left bundle branches
* Purkinje fibers 
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phases of action potential in pacemaker cells
* phase 4 - resting potential
* phase 0 - depolarization
* phase 3 - repolarization
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resting potential phase 4
* unstable


* the slow leakage of Na+ ions causes the depolarization of  the membrane at the end of the resting state  (phase 4)
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depolarization phase 0
 occurs due to the calcium influx (rather than sodium)  
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Pacemaker cells lack 
* early depolarization (1)
* plateau (2) phases. 
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Repolarization (phase 3) occurs when
*  K channels open allowing K+  to leave the cell.
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Various pacwemaker cells have different 'rhythms
* SA node
* AV node/ AV bundle
* Bundle branches/Purkinje fibers
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SA node rhythm
* 60 ‐ 100 per minute (usually 70 ‐ 80 per minute),  
* only one that makes it’s own beat
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AV node and AV bundle rhythm
* 40 - 60 per minute
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Bundle branches and Purkinje fibers
* 20 - 40 per minute
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The SA node has the highest or fastest rhythm, therefore, setting the pace or rate of contraction for the entire heart. As a result, the SA node is commonly referred to as the 
pacemaker
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The sinoatrial node generates on average 
70 impulses/minute
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The atrioventricular (AV) node  delays the impulse for approximately 
0\.1 second
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pacemaker cells conduct action potential at a
high rate
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Rate of conduction
* atria - 0.5 m/sec
* AV node - 0.05 m/sec
* Bundle of His and bundle branches - 2 m/sec
* Purkinje fibers - 4 m/sec
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sequence of excitation
* 1) The impulse passes from the atria to ventricles  via the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
* 2) The AV bundle splits into two pathways in the  interventricular septum (bundle branches)
* 3)The bundle branches carry the impulse toward the  apex of the heart
* 4)The Purkinje fibers carry the impulse to the ventricular walls. 
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The heart is stimulated by the
sympathetic cardio acceleratory center
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the heart is inhibited by the 
parasympathetic cardioinhibitory center
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An electrocardiogram reflects the 
electrical changes in the heart.  
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what is the fastest conduction
* purkinje fiber
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what is the fastest rhythm
SA node
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ECG waves
* P wave - atrial depolarization
* QRS complex - ventricular depolarization
* T wave - ventricular repolarization
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P wave (atrial depolarization)
* represents the depolarization of the SA node and atrial depolarization,  followed by atrial contraction.  
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QRS complex (ventricular depolarization)
* represents ventricular depolarization, followed by ventricular  contraction.  
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T wave (ventricular repolarization)
* represents ventricular repolarization, followed by ventricular relaxation.