U3 L3, A&P232

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Pacemaker cells possess

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1

Pacemaker cells possess

autorhythmicity

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2

Autorhythmicity (automaticity) is the

ability to  spontaneously generate an action potential

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3

Pacemaker cells have unstable resting potentials,  called pacemaker potentials, which initiate

action potentials in the entire heart

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4

The pacemaker cells are located in

  • Sinoatrial (SA) node

  • Atrioventricular (AV) node

  • Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (the bundle of His)

  • Right & left bundle branches

  • Purkinje fibers

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5

phases of action potential in pacemaker cells

  • phase 4 - resting potential

  • phase 0 - depolarization

  • phase 3 - repolarization

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6

resting potential phase 4

  • unstable

  • the slow leakage of Na+ ions causes the depolarization of  the membrane at the end of the resting state  (phase 4)

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7

depolarization phase 0

occurs due to the calcium influx (rather than sodium)

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8

Pacemaker cells lack

  • early depolarization (1)

  • plateau (2) phases.

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9

Repolarization (phase 3) occurs when

  • K channels open allowing K+  to leave the cell.

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10

Various pacwemaker cells have different 'rhythms

  • SA node

  • AV node/ AV bundle

  • Bundle branches/Purkinje fibers

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11

SA node rhythm

  • 60 ‐ 100 per minute (usually 70 ‐ 80 per minute),

  • only one that makes it’s own beat

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12

AV node and AV bundle rhythm

  • 40 - 60 per minute

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13

Bundle branches and Purkinje fibers

  • 20 - 40 per minute

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14

The SA node has the highest or fastest rhythm, therefore, setting the pace or rate of contraction for the entire heart. As a result, the SA node is commonly referred to as the

pacemaker

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15

The sinoatrial node generates on average

70 impulses/minute

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16

The atrioventricular (AV) node  delays the impulse for approximately

0.1 second

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17

pacemaker cells conduct action potential at a

high rate

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18

Rate of conduction

  • atria - 0.5 m/sec

  • AV node - 0.05 m/sec

  • Bundle of His and bundle branches - 2 m/sec

  • Purkinje fibers - 4 m/sec

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19

sequence of excitation

    1. The impulse passes from the atria to ventricles  via the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

    1. The AV bundle splits into two pathways in the  interventricular septum (bundle branches)

  • 3)The bundle branches carry the impulse toward the  apex of the heart

  • 4)The Purkinje fibers carry the impulse to the ventricular walls.

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20

The heart is stimulated by the

sympathetic cardio acceleratory center

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21

the heart is inhibited by the

parasympathetic cardioinhibitory center

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22

An electrocardiogram reflects the

electrical changes in the heart.

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23

what is the fastest conduction

  • purkinje fiber

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24

what is the fastest rhythm

SA node

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25

ECG waves

  • P wave - atrial depolarization

  • QRS complex - ventricular depolarization

  • T wave - ventricular repolarization

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26

P wave (atrial depolarization)

  • represents the depolarization of the SA node and atrial depolarization,  followed by atrial contraction.

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27

QRS complex (ventricular depolarization)

  • represents ventricular depolarization, followed by ventricular  contraction.

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28

T wave (ventricular repolarization)

  • represents ventricular repolarization, followed by ventricular relaxation.

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