Pacemaker cells possess
autorhythmicity
Autorhythmicity (automaticity) is the
ability to spontaneously generate an action potential
Pacemaker cells have unstable resting potentials, called pacemaker potentials, which initiate
action potentials in the entire heart
The pacemaker cells are located in
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (the bundle of His)
Right & left bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
phases of action potential in pacemaker cells
phase 4 - resting potential
phase 0 - depolarization
phase 3 - repolarization
resting potential phase 4
unstable
the slow leakage of Na+ ions causes the depolarization of the membrane at the end of the resting state (phase 4)
depolarization phase 0
occurs due to the calcium influx (rather than sodium)
Pacemaker cells lack
early depolarization (1)
plateau (2) phases.
Repolarization (phase 3) occurs when
K channels open allowing K+ to leave the cell.
Various pacwemaker cells have different 'rhythms
SA node
AV node/ AV bundle
Bundle branches/Purkinje fibers
SA node rhythm
60 ‐ 100 per minute (usually 70 ‐ 80 per minute),
only one that makes it’s own beat
AV node and AV bundle rhythm
40 - 60 per minute
Bundle branches and Purkinje fibers
20 - 40 per minute
The SA node has the highest or fastest rhythm, therefore, setting the pace or rate of contraction for the entire heart. As a result, the SA node is commonly referred to as the
pacemaker
The sinoatrial node generates on average
70 impulses/minute
The atrioventricular (AV) node delays the impulse for approximately
0.1 second
pacemaker cells conduct action potential at a
high rate
Rate of conduction
atria - 0.5 m/sec
AV node - 0.05 m/sec
Bundle of His and bundle branches - 2 m/sec
Purkinje fibers - 4 m/sec
sequence of excitation
The impulse passes from the atria to ventricles via the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
The AV bundle splits into two pathways in the interventricular septum (bundle branches)
3)The bundle branches carry the impulse toward the apex of the heart
4)The Purkinje fibers carry the impulse to the ventricular walls.
The heart is stimulated by the
sympathetic cardio acceleratory center
the heart is inhibited by the
parasympathetic cardioinhibitory center
An electrocardiogram reflects the
electrical changes in the heart.
what is the fastest conduction
purkinje fiber
what is the fastest rhythm
SA node
ECG waves
P wave - atrial depolarization
QRS complex - ventricular depolarization
T wave - ventricular repolarization
P wave (atrial depolarization)
represents the depolarization of the SA node and atrial depolarization, followed by atrial contraction.
QRS complex (ventricular depolarization)
represents ventricular depolarization, followed by ventricular contraction.
T wave (ventricular repolarization)
represents ventricular repolarization, followed by ventricular relaxation.