Psych 230 ch. 9, 10, 13, 14 Terms/Definitions

Psychological/emotional abuse

The infliction of mental distress e.g., insulting, swearing, yelling, threatening

Physical abuse

the infliction of pain or injury e.g., beating, punching

Financial/material abuse

the illegal or improper exploitation and/or use of funds or resources e.g., restricting access to bank accounts

Sexual abuse

Any kind of unwanted sexual behaviour directed toward an adult e.g., sexual harassment

Patriarchal theory

Theory that suggests violence of men against their female partners is rooted in a broad set of cultural beliefs and values that support the male dominance of women.

Social learning theory

theory of human behaviour that posits people develop skills, behaviours, and attitudes by how they are directly reinforced or punished for these skills, behaviours, and attitudes and by observing how others are similarly punished or reinforced.

Instigator

In social learning theory, events in the environment or within the individual that trigger violence.

Regulators

In social learning theory, the consequences of violence that result in an increase or decrease in the probability of future violence.

Domestic Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (DVRAG)

Empirical actuarial risk assessment instrument designed to estimate risk of spousal assault recidivism in adult male batterers.

Spousal Assault Risk Assessment (SARA)

The original structured professional judgement tool, 20 items developed through theory and research linked to IPV. Criminal History, Psychosocial adjustment, Spousal Assault history and alleged offence

Duluth Mode

Ultimate goal of this model is to replace the abusive tactics commonly used by spousal assaulters with the non-controlling, non-violent tactics that couples frequently used in egalitarian relationships. Goal is achieved through analyzing specific abusive behavior, examining behavior as tactics of control, exploring and practicing non-controlling and non-violent behavior.

Family-only batterer

A male batterer who is typically not violent outside the home, has few psychopathological symptoms, and does not possess negative attitudes supportive of violence.

Generally violent/Antisocial batterer

A male batterer who is violent inside and outside the home; engages in other criminal acts; has drug, alcohol, and impulsive problems; and possesses violence-supportive attitudes

Dysphoric-borderline batterer

Male batterer who is depressed and has borderline personality traits, primarily exhibits violence toward his intimate partner, and has problems with jealously and abandonment.

Cycle of Violence

Tension building (abuser escalates in whatever form of abuse), Acute Battering (abuser continues to punch and kick) Remorse Stage (attempts to get victim back)

The Abusive Personality (APB)

A syndrome of affective, behavioral, and phenomenological traits predispose men to assault their wives. A repertoire of borderline traits, intense anger, trauma symptoms, and a fearful attachment style characterized by devaluation of self and other. These traits make for an insecure and unstable person who is at risk for inflicting serious physical and psychological harm on their spouse.

5 traits of Abusive Personality

Borderline personality organization, chronic anger, childhood trauma, guilt/shaming experiences, fearful attachment

Types of IPV perpetrators

Family only aggressors, Generalized aggressors, Emotionally Volatile

Propensity for Abusiveness scale factors

Recalled negative parental treatment, affective lability, trauma symptoms

Unfit to stand trial (UFST)

Person who, due to a mental disorder, is unable to understand trial proceedings, interpret the consequences of a crime, or communicate with their counsel.

Not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder

Person who, due to a mental disorder at the time of an offence, is incapable of appreciating the nature and quality of the act or knowing that it was wrong.

Mens rea

Legal term for criminal intent

Stigma

Combination of stereotypes (i.e., cognitive labels used to describe a person), prejudices (i.e., negative emotions toward individuals),and discrimination (i.e., curtailing the rights and opportunities of individuals) toward a specific group.

Threat/control override delusions

Psychotic symptoms in which an individual feels that their self control is overridden by outside forces or feels they will be harmed by others.

Delusions

Erroneous beliefs that usually involve a misinterpretation of perceptions or experiences.

START

measure incorporates 20 items that can be scored as either a risk or a strength factor. Items include areas to reflect social situation and relationships, mental state, substance use, impulse control, medication adherence, treatability, supports, insight, coping, and current plans. swiftly implemented and it is currently used in at least 10 countries. It appears to have become the preferred dynamic risk measure for use in forensic mental health settings.

SAPROF (Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for Violence Risk)

The instrument consists of 17 items, including 2 static factors and 15 protective factors, which are assessed to identify potential goals or targets for intervention. is designed to prospectively prevent recidivism by informing treatment rather than to be used as a prediction tool. Further, results have suggested that, when combined with a dynamic measure of risk, the inclusion of protective factors from improved the overall prediction of recidivism at both a three year follow up and a long term follow up

Female-Salient predictor

Risk factor that predicts recidivism in females and males but the strength of the association is significantly stronger for females.

Federally sentenced women

In Canada, offenders sentenced to periods of imprisonment of two years or more fall under federal jurisdiction. Those sentenced to less than two years are the responsibility of the provinces. Women sentenced to two years or more are collectively known as federally sentenced women.

Gender-Neutral Risk Assessment

Risk assessment instruments developed on samples composed predominantly of male cases and based on gender neutral theories of crime apply to women and girls E.g., the LSI family of tools. The same risk factors applies across gender groups

Gender Informed Risk Assessment

 Proponents argue that gendered pathways to crime impact the validity of risk assessment instruments and gender neutral tools are missing key female specific risk-need factors Certain risk factors that apply to both genders may be more relevant to females. Female-specific risk-need tools developed from “the ground up” for women and girls are required E.g., the Women’s Risk Need Assessment or WRNA

Aboriginal Healing Lodges

A facility in which offenders can be exposed to correctional services in an environment that incorporates Aboriginal traditions and beliefs.

Custody Rating Scale (CRS)

Statistical scale used by Correctional Service Canada to determine security placement.

Potential Explanations of Aboriginal Overrepresentation

A higher Aboriginal crime rate, The commission by Aboriginal people of offences that are more likely to result in criminal justice processing, Differential criminal justice processing as a result of racial discrimination. Criminal justice policies and practices that have a differential impact on Aboriginal offenders due to their socioeconomic conditions.

Aboriginal offender

The original inhabitants of Canada, which includes three groups of people: Indian (First Nation), Metis, and Inuit.

Integrated Indigenous Correctional Treatment Approaches

Pathways initiative, Indigenous integrated correctional program model (IICPM), In search of your warrior (ISYW) and Tupiq

Pathway Initiative

Elder-driven program that enables the Indigenous person to follow healing as a way of life. Completely immersive 24-7 adheres to the Medicine Wheel as a teaching tool (i.e., physical, spiritual, emotional, and intellectual components that create the whole (healed) person)

 Indigenous Integrated Correctional Program Model (IICPM; previously Aboriginal ICPM, or AIPCM)

RNR merged with Indigenous-specific program considerations  minimum 50% Elder involvement, meets other cultural/spiritual needs, Purpose to reconnect with Indigenous identity, promote healing, increase prosocial skills, decrease criminogenic needs High (108–117 sessions) and moderate (62–70 sessions) intensity IICPM streams. Primarily group with some individual sessions and a weekly ceremony. Multi-target (i.e., targeting Central 8) or sexual offense specific (i.e., general and sexual-offense-specific criminogenic needs).

In Search of Your Warrior (ISYW)

No longer in operation, but was a high intensity Indigenous specific violence reduction program that integrated Indigenous teachings and cultural practices with mainstream RNR interventions

Tupiq

Inuit specific sexual offense treatment program, integrating Inuit cultural practices and beliefs with sexual offense specific treatment targets and intervention approaches

Aboriginal Overrepresentation

Aboriginal people are incarcerated at levels higher than their proportion in the general population would predict.