CLD Exam 1

language

• The rule-governed, code-based tool a person uses to represent thoughts and ideas

Language is Symbolic

• It is a code consisting of symbols: morphemes

• Translation of one type of information into another type

Language is Conventional

• Members in a community or culture can share it

• users abide by accepted rules

language is dynamic

• langauge is in a state of activity and change

Language is a tool of human communication

• process of sharing information among 2 or more people

respiration

• The act of inspiring a breath of air into the lungs, expiring it from the lungs, and allowing it to travel up through the trachea, or windpipe, before it is phonated

phonation

• When a breath of air that has been respirated travels over the vocal cords. One of four systems involved in speech

resonation

• The phase of speech that occurs after a breath of air has been respirated and phonated, when the air travels into and vibrates within the oral and nasal cavities

articulation

• Manipulation of a breath of air by the oral articulators—including the tongue, teeth, and jaw—so that it comes out as a series of speech sounds that are combined into words, phrases, and sentences

general nominals

• refers to all members of a category (cats, toys)

Phoneme

• smallest unit of sound

prosodic cues

• draw on their familiarity with word and syllable stress patterns, or the rhythm of language, to break into the speech stream

simple syntax

• Grammatically well formed utterances containing basic noun phrases and verb structures

complex syntax

• Use of phrase and clause structures as well as conjunctive devices for organizing internal structures of sentences

ostensive word learning contexts

• A great deal of contextual information is provided about a novel word linguistic or non-linguistic

allophones

• subtle variations of phonemes that occur as a result of contextual influences on how phonemes are produced in different words.

Schema

• building blocks of cognition; internalized representations of the organizational structures of various events

derivational morphemes

• Change a words syntactic class and semantic meaning

• Like -> dislike or unlike, liken, likable, likeness

• Vary its meaning and syntactic role in a sentence

Co-articulation

• When humans produce phonemes, the phonemes overlap one another

Universality

• Suggests that all persons around the world apply the same cognitive infrastructure to learning language

Extralinguistic cues

• posture, gesture, facial expression, pitch, loudness, pausing, eye contact

Interrogative sentence types

• Yes-no

• W-H

Referent

• Aspect of the world that a word represents

Productivity

• Principle of combination: a small number of discrete units can be combined into seemingly infinite creations

Expresive Lexicon

• Volume of words a person produces

Receptive Lexicon

• Volume of words a person understands

grammatical morphemes

• Include: plural, possessive, past tense, and present progressive

• Walk -> walked  Do -> doing  Cat -> cats

Phrase

• cluster of words organized around a head

Clause

• Syntatic structure containing a verb or verb phrase

Factors that influence the rate at which children learn new words:

1. Concept represented by the word

• abstract vs concrete

2. Phonological form of the word

• earlier sound or later developing

3. Contextual conditions at initial exposure

• accompanying linguistic and non linguistic cues

sender

• formulation

• transmission

shared means

• speech

• sign

• writing

• gesture

receiver

• reception

• comprehension

• feedback to sender

instrumental

ask for something

regulatory

give directions

interacting

converse with others in a social way

personal

express state of mind/feelings

heuristic

inquire

imaginative

tell stories

informative

provide an organized description of an event

common functions/purpose of communication

1. Instrumental: used to ask for something

2. Regulatory: give directions and direct others

3. Interacting: converse with others in a social way

4. Personal: express state of mind/feelings

5. Heuristic: to find out information/inquire

6. Imaginative: tell stories/role play

7. Informative: provide an organized description of an event or object

linguistic

speaking

extralinguistic/nonlinguistic

eye contact, facial expression, posture, proximity

paralinguistic

pitch, loudness, pausing

prosodic cues

⁃ Word and syllable intonation and stress patterns in a language that allow infants to break into the speech stream

phonotactic cues

⁃ Sounds following the phonotactic rules of a native language that allow infants to parse the speech stream

factors that influence the rate children learn new words

1. concrete vs abstract

2. earlier developing vs later developing sounds

3. accompanying linguistic and non linguistic cues

grade most children can enter into peer convos

1st

early gender differences in vocab learning

around age 7

shape bias

• assuming objects the same shape belong in the same category

mutual exclusivity

• Idea that a novel object goes with a novel label; car ramp

cross situational learning

• hearing a word over and over again in different contexts

spreading activation

• specific entries spreads across the network according to the strength of connections among entries

• bird is activated

• number of additional entries in semantic network ( wings, robin, egg etc)