ANSC 301 Minerals

microminerals

essential minerals, Ca, Mg, Na, K, P, Cl, S

Microminerals

trace minerals, Mn, Fe, Cu, I, Se, Zn, F, Co, Mo

what minerals are part of skeletal structure?

Ca, P, Mg

Osmotic pressure is maintained with?

Na, K, Mg

Ca

calcium

calcium can be found in

roughages and animal sourcessuch as milk, bones, and leafy greens.

What is very toxic when it accumulates in bone?

Pb, Hg

Bone is a

major storage site of Ca and P

sulfates

are generally move bioavailable

oxides

are generally less bioavailable

99% of body calcium

bone and teeth

1% of body calcium

in in blood and intracellular fluid and is essential to life

Muscle contractions are

controlled by Ca.

calcium contract

release relax

bone ash

2:1 Ca:P ratio

calcitonin

lowers Ca levels, osteoblast deposit Ca into the bones

parathyroid hormone

increases blood Ca levels by stimulating osteoclasts and bone reabsorption. Release only when blood Ca is low.

1,25-(OH)2D Calcitriol

active form of D3 increases blood Ca levels, works with PTH

Milk Fever

hypocalcemia, big loss for dairy industry. 12-72 hrs post calving, cow laying down trembling, blood Ca drops can be treated with Ca gluconate IV.

P

Phosphorous

P is

the most expensive mineral to supplement, dical and moncal

P is found in

animal biproducts and concentrates

dical

dicalcium phosphate is bioavailable but expensive way to suplement P and Ca

Phytates

reduce the bioavailability of phosphorus, found in may plants

broken backs in swine

caused by only considering total P in diet and not considering the bioavailability

phytase

an enzyme that breaks down P form Phytate, microbes in ruminants produce this

K

Pottasium

there is high amounts of K in

forages

too much P

causes reduced Ca absorption

grass tetany

hypomagnesia caused by too much K in lush spring grass. Involuntary muscle contraction due to increased frequency of action potentials. Mg IV or enema

K function

osmotic balance, nerve impusle, acid-base reg. 2/3 rds are in skin and muscle.

P is a what of many enzymes?

allosteric regulator, changing affinity of enzymes for substrates.

Na

Sodium

Na is often used as

a carrier to encourage intake because it taste well.

Pica (Na)

salt craving, animals will lick wood, soil, sweat ect

Na is very important in

maintaining osmotic pressure

Ca soap can form from

a high fat diet in ruminants

Cl

Chlorine

Cl function

function with Na, gastric juice, bile, amylase

Cl deficit

usually only on purified diets, can lead to alkalosis

S

sulfur

most sulfur in the body is

protein bound in methionine and cystine or free in form of taurine

N:S ratio in rumen

should be 10:1

half of Met requirement

can be replaced with sulfate

S deficit

can cause decreased intake

S toxicity

can cause polioencephalomalacia

Mg

magnesium m

Mg is higher in

forages

Mg is found

naturally in compounds, MgO

Mg function

vasodilation, structural component of bone, phosphate transferring, muscle contraction, and an activator of B1 ect.

Arginase

metalloenzyme part of the urea cycle except in poultry

Fe

iron

Fe functions

hemoglobin, myoglobin, redox reactions

Ferritin

stored form of Fe

Phytase can

increase availability of Fe

Fe deficit

causes heavy breathing, large heart, listlessness

baby pigs anemia

commonly have Fe deficiency due to low placental transfer. Pale skin, transparent ears, thumps diaphragm spasms. Sows are Fe defiicient when they have no acess to soil or pasture.

iron dextran

used to treat iron deficiency anemia in pigs.

Cu

copper

Cu use

promotes growth in young pigs and chicks

Cu in blood

part of ceruloplasmin, 90% of all Cu

ceruloplasmin

converts iron stored in ferritin to it transferrin where it can be transported and used

Cytochrome C oxide

important in electron transport chain and nerve communication

tyrosinase

enzyme containing Cu, part of forming melanin