demography

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have during her fertile years.

Death rate

The number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.

Infant mortality rate

The number of deaths of infants under 1 year old per 1,000 live births per year.

Life expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live.

Ageing population

A population with a rising proportion of elderly people (often due to low birth rates and increased life expectancy).

Dependency ratio

The ratio of the non-working population (children + elderly) to the working-age population.

Net migration

The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants.

Immigration

The movement of people into a country to live permanently or semi-permanently.

Emigration

The movement of people out of a country to live elsewhere.

Push factors

Conditions that drive people to leave their home country (e.g., war, poverty).

Pull factors

Conditions that attract people to a new country (e.g., jobs, safety).

Natural change

The difference between the birth rate and death rate in a population (natural increase or decrease).

Population policies

Government strategies to control population growth, such as encouraging or discouraging births.

Globalisation

The increasing interconnectedness of countries through trade, communication, and migration.

Feminisation of migration

The trend of more women migrating, often as carers or domestic workers.

Hybrid identities

Cultural identities formed through mixing different cultures, often due to migration.

Assimilation

The process by which immigrants adopt the norms and values of the host culture.

Multiculturalism

A perspective that recognises and values cultural diversity within society.