Chapter 2 - Mathematics & Models

Mass

The measure of the amount of matter in an object, typically measured in grams or kilograms.

Weight

The force exerted by gravity on an object's mass, commonly measured in newtons (N).

Volume

The amount of space an object occupies, often measured in liters (L) or cubic centimeters (cm³).

Meniscus

The curved surface of a liquid in a container, typically observed in graduated cylinders when measuring volume.

Density

The mass of an object divided by its volume, expressed in units such as grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³).

Metric System

A decimal-based system of measurement used globally, based on powers of ten.

SI Units

The International System of Units, a standardized system of measurements used by scientists worldwide.

Mean

The average of a set of numbers, calculated by dividing the sum of all values by the number of values.

Median

The middle value in a set of numbers when they are arranged in ascending or descending order; if there is an even number of values, it is the average of the two middle values.

Mode

The value that appears most frequently in a data set.

Range

The difference between the highest and lowest values in a set of data.

Graph

A visual representation of data, often showing relationships between different variables.

Accuracy

The degree to which a measurement or calculation is close to the true value.

Precision

The degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions yield the same results.

Line graph

A type of graph that uses lines to connect data points, showing trends over time or relationships between variables.

Bar graph

A graphical representation that uses bars to compare different quantities or categories, where the length of each bar represents the value of the data it represents.

Circle graph

Also known as a pie chart, this type of graph displays data as slices of a circle, where each slice represents a proportion of the whole.