3.1-3.6 - AMSCO
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127 Terms
What years does Period 3 cover?
1754–1800
What major shift happened in this period?
Colonies moved toward independence and formed a new nation.
What global conflict set the stage for revolution?
The Seven Years’ War.
What did the end of salutary neglect lead to?
Britain enforcing taxes and tighter control.
What intellectual movement shaped the period?
The Enlightenment.
What did colonists begin to argue about government?
That government must protect natural rights.
What long-term movement increased colonial identity?
Shared resistance to British actions.
What region were Britain and France competing over?
The Ohio River Valley.
What did many colonists develop during this time?
A shared American identity.
What was the Seven Years’ War called in America?
The French and Indian War.
Who fought in the French and Indian War?
Britain and the colonies vs. France and Native allies.
What caused the war?
Disputes over the Ohio River Valley.
Why did George Washington become involved?
He led a militia to stop French expansion.
What treaty ended the war?
The Treaty of Paris (1763).
What land did Britain gain from France?
Canada and all French land east of the Mississippi.
How did the war change British policy?
Britain ended salutary neglect and enforced taxes.
How did colonial attitudes change?
Colonists gained confidence in their military ability.
Why did British officers distrust colonists?
They saw militia as poorly trained.
Why did colonists distrust British officers?
They felt British showed arrogance and disrespect.
What was Pontiac’s Rebellion?
Native attacks resisting colonial westward expansion.
What did the Proclamation of 1763 do?
Banned settlement west of the Appalachians.
Why were colonists angry at the Proclamation?
They wanted land they fought for.
Why did Britain tax colonies more after 1763?
To pay war debt and assert control.
Why did colonists reject British taxes?
They had no representation in Parliament.
What representation did Britain claim colonists had?
Virtual representation.
What was the Stamp Act?
A direct tax on printed paper and documents.
Why was the Stamp Act important?
It was the first direct tax on colonists.
How did colonists respond to the Stamp Act?
Boycotts, protests, and the Stamp Act Congress.
What slogan summarize colonial protest?
“No taxation without representation.”
What did the Declaratory Act do?
Parliament could tax colonies “in all cases whatsoever.”
What were the Townshend Acts?
Taxes on tea, glass, and paper.
Who organized boycotts of British goods?
The Daughters of Liberty.
What was the Boston Massacre?
British soldiers fired into a crowd, killing five.
Who was Crispus Attucks?
A dockworker of African and Native ancestry killed in the Boston Massacre.
What was the Tea Act?
Lowered tea prices to help the British East India Company.
What was the Boston Tea Party?
Colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor.
What were the Intolerable Acts?
Punishment for the Tea Party.
What did the Quebec Act do?
Expanded Quebec and recognized Catholicism, angering colonists.
The Enlightenment peaked in what era?
Mid-18th century.
What does a deist believe?
God created natural laws but rarely intervenes.
Why did deism clash with Christianity?
Christians believed God intervened regularly.
What did rationalists emphasize?
Reason, science, and human behavior.
What is the social contract?
Government formed by people to protect liberty and equality.
Why was the social contract revolutionary?
It rejected divine right.
Under the social contract, power comes from where?
From the people (below).
Which thinkers supported the social contract?
John Locke and Rousseau.
What was Common Sense?
A pamphlet by Thomas Paine arguing for independence.
What did Common Sense argue?
A large continent shouldn’t be ruled by a small island.
Who did Paine attack in Common Sense?
King George III and monarchy itself.
Why was Common Sense effective?
Paine simplified complex ideas for common readers.
What writing widened the divide between Britain and colonies?
Common Sense.
Traditional historians thought the Revolution was rooted in what?
Enlightenment ideas.
What new interpretation emerged later?
Revolution was also a chance to radically reshape society.
When did the Second Continental Congress meet?
May 1775
Where did it meet?
Philadelphia
What was the initial divide in Congress?
Independence vs. negotiation.
What contradictory strategy did Congress use?
Waging war while seeking peace.
Why didn’t many colonists want independence early on?
They valued British heritage and protection.
What army did Congress create?
The Continental Army.
Who was appointed commander-in-chief?
George Washington.
Why was Washington sent to Boston?
To lead militia against British forces.
What mission did Congress give Benedict Arnold?
A raid into Quebec.
What military branches were created?
A navy and marine corps.
What was the Olive Branch Petition?
A loyalty pledge asking the king for peace.
How did King George respond?
He rejected it.
What was the Prohibitory Act?
Declared colonies in rebellion and banned trade.
Why was the Prohibitory Act significant?
It ended any hope of reconciliation.
Who introduced independence?
Richard Henry Lee.
Who drafted the Declaration?
Thomas Jefferson.
What two things were in the Declaration?
Grievances against the king and principles justifying revolution.
When was independence voted on?
July 2, 1776
When was it adopted?
July 4, 1776
What happened at Concord?
British destroyed supplies but were attacked on return.
How many British casualties at Concord?
About 250.
What happened at Bunker Hill?
British took the hill but suffered 1,000+ casualties.
Why was Bunker Hill a moral victory?
Colonists showed they could fight professionally.
Which nation secretly aided the Americans?
France.
What did Saratoga lead to?
France openly allying with the U.S.
Which nations joined the war after France?
Spain and Holland.
Who led the western campaign?
George Rogers Clark.
What territory did Clark help secure?
Parts of the Ohio River Valley.
Why did Britain withdraw troops from Philadelphia?
To consolidate forces.
Which city became Britain’s base?
New York.
What was Britain’s southern strategy?
Focus on the Carolinas and Virginia.
Where was Yorktown?
Chesapeake Bay, Virginia.
When was Yorktown?
1781
Who surrendered at Yorktown?
General Cornwallis.
Who supported Washington at Yorktown?
French naval and military forces.
Why was Yorktown the final major battle?
The Tory government collapsed.
Which party fell from power in Britain?
The Tories under Lord North.
Which party replaced them?
The Whigs.
When was the Treaty of Paris signed?
1783
What did Britain recognize?
U.S. independence.
What became the U.S. western boundary?
The Mississippi River.
What fishing rights were granted?
Off the coast of Canada.
What debts were Americans required to pay?
Debts to British merchants.
What property rights had to be honored?
Loyalist claims for confiscated property.
Who were the Patriots?
Colonists supporting independence.
Who were the Loyalists?
Colonists loyal to Britain.
What were “continentals”?
Paper money that became worthless.