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Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from an animal diversity lecture.
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Animals
Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients by eating without cell walls.
Egg and sperm
The entirety of the haploid phase of the animal life cycle.
O2 increase
Increase in oxygen in the atmosphere that allowed for more animal life.
Hypothetical common ancestor of animals
A flagellated protist resembling feeding cells of sponges.
Cambrian Explosion
535-525 MYA; time when numerous fossils give us an idea of what early animals might have been like.
Animal Phylogeny is
Based on general body structure
Radial Symmetry
Axis is in the center, any slice to the center creates mirror images.
Bilateral Symmetry
Only one slice divides the animal into clear left/right mirror images with a defined head.
Gastrulation
Developmental process where cells rearrange
Three Germ Layers
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm.
Acoelomate
No body cavity
Coelomate
Complete coelom surrounded by mesoderm
Pseudocoelomate
Partial coelom
Larvae
Immature animals that look different from adults.
Metamorphosis
Dramatic change in body form.
Invertebrates
Animals without backbones; 95% of the animal kingdom.
Phylum Porifera (Sponges)
Stationary animals with no nerves or muscles that are aquatic feeders.
Suspension feeders
Collect particles from H2O (water).
Sponges
Filter 10,000x their volume in a day
Choanocytes
Flagellated feeding cells in sponges.
Phylum Cnidaria (jellies, sea anemone, corals)
Have tissues, are radially symmetrical, mostly marine, and have only endo- and ectoderm.
Polyp
Stationary body form of cnidarians.
Medusa
Floating body form of cnidarians.
Cnidocytes
Function in defense and prey capture in cnidarians.
Phylum Mollusca (snails, slugs, oysters, clams, etc.)
Soft-bodied invertebrates, but often protected by shells, feed with a radula, and have a similar body plan.
The 'HAM'
Hypothetical ancestral mollusc's body plan
Mollusks display many similar groups like
Visceral mass , Mantle, and Muscular foot
Gastropods
Developmental twist which lowers the center of gravity. Head can retreat quickly into shell during attacks.
Bivalves
Clams, scallops, oysters, mussels: foot acts as a digging tool; no radula - filter feeding; head reduced or nonexistent.
Cephalopods
Nautilus, squid, octopus: highly modified body & tentacles and 'head' both derived from foot; very active, mobile, agile; intelligent, good vision, highly predatory.
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms, planaria
Simple, bilaterally symmetrical acoelomates
Hermaphroditic
Often has both male and female sex organs
Tapeworms - major type of flatworm
Parasites of vertebrates; no gut - absorbs nutrients from host; head modified as a holding organ.
Phylum Nematoda
Roundworms that are parasitic and cause disease in plants and animals and important decomposers.
Phylum Annelida (earthworms, leeches, etc.)
Segmented coelomates with a complete digestive tract and internal structures are repeated