Cold War

democracy vs communism

West vs East U.S Vs Them

Berlin airlift

Soviet union blockaded Berlin in June 1945 to drive western powers out of berlin, Western allies airlifted supplies to berlin and russians were forced to reopen

operation Vittles

all of the necessities for Berlins 2.5 million residents had to enter the city by air

Iron Curtain

was a political and ideological barrier that separated the communist countries of Eastern Europe from the democratic countries of Western Europe

Berlin wall

a concrete barrier constructed in 1961 by East Germany, with the support of the Soviet Union, to separate West Berlin from East Berlin (east couldn’t flee to west anymore)

iron curtain vs berlin wall

Berlin is an actual wall east in West Berlin

powers governing berlin

British, Russia, French, America

Germany separated into two states

west germany- the german federal public

east germany-the german democratic republic

treaty of brussels

belgium, netherlands, luxemburg, france, and britain signed and later Italy, Denmark, Norway, portugal, and Ireland, provided cooperation in economic and military matters

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

military alliance which committed its members to mutual assistance if any of them was attacked (a few years later west germany, greece, and turkey joined)

council of mutual assistance (COMECON)

established by soviet union and 7 eastern bloc countries, purpose was to promote economic cooperation and development among its communist countries, soviet response to marshall plan

The Warsaw Pact

military alliance in response to NATO (communist countries) and aimed to consolidate military power, if one member was attacked then the other would assist (albania, bulgaria, czech, east germany, hungary, poland, romania, soviets)

The zionist movement

sought to establish an independent Jewish State

Balfour Declaration

Arthur Balfour declared that Britain favored establishing a national home for the Jewish People in Palestine

European Jews

immigrated to british rule palestine

declared their own political parties, press, labor unions, and education systems

violent conflicts with Arabs and Jews

the UN resolution

divided the territory into two states, one Jewish and one Arab, arabs resisted this, many arabs became displaced

yishuv

jewish community in paletstine, declared independence of the new jewish state Israel (May 14)

what did the US do after Israel declared independence

they recognized the new nation

who invaded israel shortly after

lebanon, syria, jordan, egypt, and Iraq

The Korean war

after ww2 korea was divided into two parts and was supposed to be reunited, north korea invaded south korea, truman orders US to help south, chinese get involved, cease fire

korean war: what two states emerged from

the democratic peoples republic of korean in north (sup by sovs) and the republic of korea in the south ( sup by US)

who intervened in korean war

the US bc they wanted to stop the spread of communism, chinese sent troops and they had to retreat

how to korean war end

june 16, 1953 eisenhower concluded an armistice and restored the border near the 38th parallel

nikita khrushchev

takes over after stalins death (1953) sought to reform the soviet system but to maintain the dominance of the communist party

the secret speech of 1956

khrushchev attacked polices of Stalin

the suez intervention

Israel, France, and Britain invaded Egypt bc they nationalized the suez canal and britain and france feared that this would close the canal to their supplies of oil

US and the suez canal

they refused to support british and french, this proved that without the support of US the nations of west eur couldn’t impose their will on the rest of the world

the polish crisis

poland had new leader Gomulka, soviet’s agreed as long as poland still cooperated with them

The hungarian uprising

sympathy for the polish let to street fighting, Imre Nagy sought a more independent position for hungary so he removed soviet troops and withdrew from warsaw pact

sputnik

the first satellite to orbit earth (by soviets), US creates NASA as a race, moon landing, soviet’s keep winning

cuban missile crisis

castro launched a revolt in cuba, established comm gov, became allies of soviet, soviet union placed missiles in cuba, US blockaded Cuba, soviet’s backed down

containment policy

the policy is to contain communism

Truman Doctrine

Greece and Turkey are in danger of falling to communist insurgents, truman requested $400 mil from congress to aid them, successful

Marshall Plan

US secretary George Marshall proposes a massive aid program to rebuild Europe after WW2, $13 bil in US aid was sent to Europe from 1948-1952

de-stalinization

wants to get the people to support him (khrushchev) and bring about positive change, he calls for peaceful coexistence between capitalist and communist systems

who does fidel castro overthrow

Fulgencio Batista

Bay of Pigs

the CIA trained cuban exiles living in Miami to infiltrate and take down Castro and his regime, gets defeated by Castros gov, JFK takes responsibility

when’s the closest we got to WW3

cuban missile crisis (happened after BOP)

the U-2 Affair (1960)

May 1 American high altitude U2 spy plane is shot down on a mission over the soviet union, soviet’s capture francis gary powers

mao and china

Mao takes over china through civil war, oct1 mao proclaims people’s republic of china

Maos plans

negotiates sino-soviet pact of friendship(two countries now now communist) 53’ first year plan(like SU), 58’-59’ great leap forward (boost agriculture fast and failed), 66’69’ cultural rev and red guard (red guards were students and tried to get rid of old traditions and enforce Maos’s)

DMZ

the 38th parallel is established (the border today)

dien bien phu

japan kicked out of vietnam war after ww2, france steps in, vier comm under Ho Chi Minh defeat french at Dien Bien Phu. US tries containment

what happens to vietnam at down bien phu

Geneva Accords divide the country at the 17th parallel, creating a north a south vietnam

what does US and Soviet provide for their side

US provides anti communist aid to the south vietnam, soviets and china provided weapons/aid to the north

Who oscalates vietnam war

President Lyndon B Johnson (LBG)

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

president johnson states that we need to double down or efforts to retaliate against the communism in vietnam, congress approves and grants authority to send US troops to south vietnam

Tet offensive

Viet Cong (southern communist Guerillas) and north vietnamese troops launch attacks across southern vietnam on Jan 30, the start of the lunar new year Tet

Vietnamization

Nixon announced his “vietnamization” plan designed to withdraw the US ground forces from vietnam

vietnam war agreement (paris accords)

Paris Peace Treaty: establishing a cease fire and south vietnam fell to the north 2 years later

Brezhnev Doctrine

Brezhnev replaced khrushchev and says that the soviets will intervene anytime communism in a country is under threat, placed limits on submarine launched and intercontinental nuclear missiles

SALT 1969)

1st phase of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, aimed to limited the number of nuclear weapons between US and soviet

Nixon visits china

nixon becomes the first US president to visit china, meeting with Mao, normalization of relations was in all nations best interests (no longer hating the other “dentente”) this change in feelings between US and China shifts the balance of power between americans and soviets

What’s Dentente

no longer hating/ threatening the other country

Star Wars 1983

ronald reagan outlined his strategic defense initiative, a space based defensive shield that used lasers and other advanced technology to destroy attacking missiles from above the Earth’s surface

Gorbachev Comes to power 1985

Mikhail came to power in soviet union, ushered in an area of reform, Perestroika (economic reform/restructing)

who helps end the cold war

Ronald Reagan

Glasnost

means openness allowed greater free expression and criticism of soviet policies

INF

December 8 1987, Reagan and Gorbachev signed the intermediate range nuclear forces treaty (kinda eliminated nuclear weapons)

Berlin wall falls

Gorbachev renounced the Brezhnev Doctrine which pledged to use soviet force to protect its interest in eastern europe, after massive public demonstrations in east Germany and eastern Europe, the Berlin wall fell on November 9 1989

1990-91 and october 3

1-German unification and end of cold war

2- east and west germany united as the federal republic of germany

december 25 1991

soviet union officially dead as all countries that were part of it are now independent

who came to dominate south african government after britain announced its independence

Afrikaners (dutch descents basically white ppl)

the national party

the part of afrikaner’s and they created, passed, and enforced Apartheid or “apartness” laws in 1948

Apartheid

a policy of legal segregation in south africa

what happened under apartheid

Black south africans denied access to white schools, beaches, neighborhoods, and benches

population registration act of 1950

required all south africa to be racially classified as white, black, or colored

resistance movement

the african nation congress (ANC) was a black nationalist organization founded before apartheid, it helped lead the struggle against apartheid