CSET English Subtest 2

Old English

developed from Germanic dialects

West Saxon

Old English dialect became literary standard

Beowulf

oldest preserved English epic

Norman conquest of 1066

changed course of English, advent of Middle English

Statute of Pleading, 1362

made English official language of legal proceedings in England

Early Modern English began

1500-1800

Great Vowel Shift

changed the way long vowels pronounced, major change from Middle to Modern English

Late Modern English

1800 to present

Dialect

variation of language spoken by inhabitants of an area

Pidgin

contact language made up of two or more languages

Pidgin

small vocabulary and simple grammatical structures

Creolization

simple code continues to develop over time, acquires native speakers

Merging of French and African languages in Louisiana

example of Creole

Linguistics

study of language

Morphology

composition of words

Syntax

composition of sentences

phonology

sound patterns

phonetics

study of how speech sounds are made and understood

semantics

meaning of words

pragmatics

language usage in context

sociolinguistics

language and society

morphology, syntax, phonology

parts of grammar of a language

Structuralist view of language, Saussure

each element of sound and meaning defined by how it relates to other elements

universal grammar, Chomsky

fundamental qualities shared by all language

generative grammar, Chomsky

genetic predisposition to language

transformational grammar, Chomsky

languages have shared deep structure and variable surface structure

phoneme

smallest unit of speech sound

grapheme

smallest unit of written language

morpheme

smallest unit of meaning

context clues

words and sentences around unfamiliar word that provide clues to meaning

morphemic analysis

recognizing prefixes, suffixes, roots and their meanings

word family

category of words built around the same word part

compound words

made up of two or more smaller words

borrowed words

words imported from other languages

inflectional affixes

word endings that don't change the meaning

derivational affixes

alter the meaning of a word by building on a base

simple sentence

independent clause containing subject and verb, expresses complete thought

compound sentence

contains two independent clauses joined by coordinator such as for, and, but, or , yet, so

complex sentence

independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses

pragmatic theory

speaker's intended meaning

pragmatic competence

understanding the true meaning of passage or utterance

etymology

word origin

orthography

standardized system for writing words with proper letters, spelling rules

unpredictable sound-symbol correspondence

makes spelling difficult

language acquisition

process by which people acquire ability to understand and use words

language acquisition device (universal grammar) Chomsky

capacity for language is genetically endowed or innate

sociocultural factor on language development

social class

affective factors on language development

empathy, self-esteem,overall outlook

bilingualism

students taught in native language

transitional system

students speak own language until able to participate in English-only classes

total immersion

students immediately take part in English with no transition

Standard English usage

reliable indicator of academic and economic success

Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis, Krashen

two independent systems for learning second language, acquired and learned

Monitor Hypothesis, Krashen

acquisition is the initiator of utterance, learning is the "monitor"

natural order hypothesis, krashen

language acquisition follows a natural order

input hypothesis, krashen

second language learner makes progress along natural order each time they receive input from second language

affective filter hypothesis, krashen

affective factors play important role in acquisition

source of syntactic errors in second language

student's first language

interlanguage

intermediate step in acquiring language, learner internalizes rules for using language

level of proficiency in first language

affects acquisition of second language

peer group pressure, role models, home support

factors that impact second language development

critical period hypothesis

ability to learn language peaks during early childhood

transfer

speaker uses second language in way that is appropriate for native language but not second

negative transfer

speaker uses skills from learned topic but applies them incorrectly to new topic

hypercorrection

person corrected for mistake makes more mistakes trying to correct error

borrowing

speaker switches to first language to borrow words or phrases

semantic mapping

responses to word or phrase by brainstorming

semantic feature analysis

students use chart to organize info

repeated oral reading

student repeatedly reads aloud short text

note taking

helps reader paraphrase what's been read

word analogies

compare two or more things by analyzing how they are alike or different

visual imaging skills

student's ability to use personal images or experiences to comprehend word's meaning

cohesion analysis

method of analyzing how parts of work come together - read ahead, review previous sections, see how unfamiliar part fits into whole

Standard English

form of English that is most widely accepted

code-switching

ability to change dialects or way of speaking depending on group

appropriate rhetorical strategy, writing

consider audience, purpose for writing, genre

nature of the writing process

follow the steps for composition

awareness of thought processes, writing

reflect on or be aware of own thought process

evaluation of effectiveness

judge how well a piece of writing fulfills intention

metacognition

self-awareness during the reading process

prereading strategies

accessing prior knowledge of subject

predicting, reading

reader makes predictons about text before and during reading

questioning, reading

reader asks and answers questions about text all through reading process

word analysis

decoding of unfamiliar words

concept formation

connect and categorize ideas and reflect on overall meaning

literal comprehension, reading

ability to obtain basic facts and details

inferential comprehension, reading

ability to make inferences and draw conclusions

applied comprehension

ability to move beyond story and think critically

Bloom's Taxonomy

levels of higher-order thinking questions

coordinating conjunctions

Used to combine simple sentences to create compound sentence: and, or, but, nor, for, yet, so

subordinating conjunction

Used to combine simple sentences to make a complex sentence

clausal modifier

clause that acts like an adverb or adjective, adds detail

adverb clause

phrase that begins with a subordinating conjunction, modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb

adjective clause

modifies a noun, pronoun, or adjective

phrasal modifier

functions as an adjective or adverb in a sentence

appositional phrase

identifies or describes a nearby noun

determiner system

modifying words called determiners: articles, possessive nouns, possessive pronouns, numbers, indefinite pronouns

noun phrase

functions as a noun in a sentence

word transformations

exercise in altering a sentence while keeping basic sentence meaning

modals

verbs that are used with other verbs to express capability, possibility, willingness, suggestion