Mineralogy, Coal and Petroleum

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113 Terms

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Mineralogy

Study of minerals' formation, composition, and properties.

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Miner

Basic units forming rocks and ores on Earth.

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Rock Forming Minerals

Minerals that constitute the majority of rocks.

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Sulfides

Compounds of metals combined with sulfur.

<p>Compounds of metals combined with sulfur.</p>
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Oxides

Compounds of metals combined with oxygen.

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Sulfates

Compounds of sulfur, oxygen, and metals.

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Carbonates

Compounds of carbon and oxygen with metals.

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Halides

Salts formed from metals and halogens.

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Phosphates

Compounds of phosphorus with metals and oxygen.

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Silicates

Compounds of silicon and oxygen, rock builders.

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Igneous Rock

Formed from solidified magma or molten rock.

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Quartz

Common silicate mineral, composed of silica.

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Marble

Metamorphic rock, softer than quartzite.

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Quartzite

Metamorphic rock, harder than marble.

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Gypsum

Hydrated calcium sulfate, used in plaster.

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Dolomite

Calcium magnesium carbonate, important rock maker.

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Hematite

Iron oxide, primary ore of iron.

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Galena

Lead sulfide, chief ore of lead.

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Cinnabar

Mercury sulfide, ore of mercury.

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Chalcopyrite

Copper iron sulfide, important copper ore.

<p>Copper iron sulfide, important copper ore.</p>
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Zinc Blende

Zinc sulfide, ore of zinc.

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Wolframite

Important source of tungsten.

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Vanadinite

Source of vanadium, a phosphate mineral.

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Vein

Mineral deposit formed in rock cracks.

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Geode

Hollow, crystal-lined mineral boulder.

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Evaporation

Formation of deposits from evaporated water.

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Weathering

Alteration of minerals by air and water.

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Metamorphism

Transformation of rocks through heat and pressure.

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Crystal

Symmetrical mass with angular geometric shapes.

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Lattice

Basic atomic formation in crystal structure.

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Isometric System

One of six major crystal systems.

<p>One of six major crystal systems.</p>
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Tetragonal System

One of six major crystal systems.

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Hexagonal System

One of six major crystal systems.

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Orthorhombic System

One of six major crystal systems.

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Monoclinic System

One of six major crystal systems.

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Triclinic System

One of six major crystal systems.

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Color

Variable appearance due to impurities in minerals.

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Streak

Color of mineral powder, more consistent than color.

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Luster

Mineral's surface appearance in reflected light.

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Hardness

Resistance to scratching, measured by Moh's scale.

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Specific Gravity

Mineral density compared to water's density.

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Cleavage

Tendency of minerals to break along planes.

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Fracture

Irregular breakage of minerals without cleavage.

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Tenacity

Mineral's resistance to deformation or breaking.

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Form

Overall shape and configuration of a mineral.

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Play of Colors

Development of prismatic colors in minerals.

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Iridescence

Rainbow colors on mineral surfaces or interiors.

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Cleavage

Mineral's tendency to break along smooth planes.

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Fracture

Appearance of a mineral's broken surface.

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Conchoidal Fracture

Curved surfaces with concentric rings.

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Even Fracture

Smooth and flat broken surfaces.

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Uneven Fracture

Irregular surface after breaking.

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Splintery Structure

Rough breakage with splinter-like edges.

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Sectile

Mineral that can be cut with a knife.

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Malleable

Mineral can be flattened under pressure.

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Elastic

Mineral regains shape after pressure release.

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Quartz Group

Important silicate rock-forming mineral group.

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Hardness of Quartz

Quartz has a hardness of 7.

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Specific Gravity of Quartz

Specific gravity ranges from 2.65 to 2.66.

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Amethyst

Purple or violet variety of quartz.

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Smoky Quartz

Gray shades of quartz due to impurities.

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Milky Quartz

Opaque light brown or white quartz.

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Rose Quartz

Pink variety of quartz.

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Feldspar Group

Common rock-forming minerals in igneous rocks.

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Pyroxenes Group

Single chain silicate structure minerals.

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Orthopyroxene

Type of pyroxene with specific atomic structure.

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Hornblende

Complex silicate mineral in amphibole group.

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Mica Group

Silicate minerals that form thin sheets.

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Coal

Solid carbon-rich fossil fuel, brown or black.

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Petroleum

Liquid fossil fuel formed from ancient marine organisms.

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Peat

Accumulated dead plant matter, precursor to coal.

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Coalification

Process transforming peat into coal under heat and pressure.

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Fossil Fuels

Energy sources derived from ancient organic matter.

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Density of Coal

Slightly denser than water, 1.0 mega gram/m³.

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Porosity of Coal

Presence of pores affects coal's density and properties.

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Macropores

Pores greater than 50 nanometers in diameter.

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Mesopores

Pores between 2 to 50 nanometers in diameter.

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Micropores

Pores less than 2 nanometers in diameter.

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Reflectivity

Coal's ability to reflect light, measured with photometer.

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Hardness

Resistance of coal to abrasion, affects mining equipment.

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Grindability

Ease of grinding coal, impacts energy consumption.

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Ash-Fusion Temperature

Temperature at which coal ash melts, affects furnace design.

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Free-Swelling Index

Measures swelling of coal when heated, indicates coke suitability.

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Lignite

Lowest rank coal, high volatile matter and moisture.

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Subbituminous Coal

40% carbon, black, no woody structure visible.

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Bituminous Coal

70% fixed carbon, soft coal, catches fire easily.

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Anthracite

Highest rank coal, 90% fixed carbon, burns longer.

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Coal Types

Classification based on carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen content.

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Geological Processes

Natural forces that contribute to coal formation.

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Vitrinite Macerals

Coal components used to measure reflectivity.

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Petroleum

Naturally occurring liquid refined into fuels and products.

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Crude Oil

Unrefined petroleum, varying in composition and properties.

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Natural Gas

Colorless, odorless gas similar to crude oil.

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Carbon and Hydrogen

Elements primarily found in petroleum compounds.

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API Gravity

Measurement of crude oil density in degrees.

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Sweet Crude

Gasoline-like smell associated with certain crude oils.

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Sour Crude

Foul-smelling crude oil due to sulfur content.

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Viscosity

Resistance of a fluid to flow, varies in oils.

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Asphalt-based Crude

Black crude producing high-quality gasoline and asphalt.

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Paraffin-based Crude

Greenish tinge crude yielding wax and lubricating oil.