ANAPHY #3 Cells

Cell

is the basic living unit of all organisms.

Hepatocytes

cells of the liver

Osteocytes

cells of the bone

Erythrocytes

red blood cells

Leukocytes

white blood cells

Cytes

means cells

Organelles

Specialized structures within the cells that perform specific functions.

Nucleus

site of RNA synthesis

Nucleus

contains genetic material including DNA and RNA

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Nucleolus

Produces ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomal subunits.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

the main site of protein synthesis

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Responsible for lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Golgi apparatus

modifies proteins and packages them into secretory vesicles.

Secretory vesicles

Store materials made by the cell; formed by the Golgi apparatus and released through exocytosis.

Lysosomes

Contain enzymes that break down ingested materials, formed by golgi apparatus

Peroxisome

breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide

Mitochondria

site of aerobic respiration and ATP synthesis

Microtubules

Provide structural support, assist in cell division, and form cilia and flagella.

Centrioles

facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell division

Microvilli

Increase the surface area of certain cells to enhance absorption.

Cytoplasm

The living material surrounding the nucleus, where many cell activities occur.

Cilia

moves substances over surfaces of certain cells

Flagella

propel sperm cells

Microvilli

increase surface area of certain cells

Cilia, flagellum, microvilli

extensions of the plasma membrane

Basic unit of life, protection and support, movement, communication, cell metabolism and energy release,reproduction and inheritance, synthesis of molecules

functions of the cell

Metabolic rate

rate of energy use

Reproduction, growth, and development

cells have characteristics of life including:

Cell metabolism

sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the cell

Cell membrane/plasma membrane

outermost component of a cell that encloses the cytoplasm

Extracellular substances

substances outside the cell

Intracellular substances (cytoplasmic)

substances inside the cell

Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates, water, ions

cell membrane contains:

Phospholipids and proteins

cell membrane main components:

Communication

What function of the cell describes the cells ability to produce and receive chemical and electrical signals

Basic unit of life

What function of the cell describes the cell’s capability of reproduction, growth, and development with or without influence from outside forces

Protection and support

What function of the cell describes the cells ability to product and secrete various molecules that provide protection for the body

Synthesis of molecules

What function of the cell describes how different cell types can produce proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids

Fluid-mosaic model

describes the structure of the cell membrane

Phospholipid bilayer

phospholipids form a double layer of molecules called a __

Hydrophilic

the polar, phosphate-containing ends of the phospholipids are __

Hydrophobic

the nonpolar, fatty acid ends of the phospholipids are __

True

true or false. Phospholipids are NOT completely stationary

Cholesterol

type of lipid within the phospholipid membrane that adds strength and stability

Protects cell’s contents, selective barrier, receptor molecules

functions of cell membrane

Directly through phospholipid membrane, vesicles, membrane channels, carrier molecules

movement through the cell membrane:

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroids

examples of lipid-soluble molecules that dissolve in the phospholipid bilayer

Passive membrane transport

does not require the cell to expend energy

Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

passive membrane transport includes:

Diffusion

tendency for solutes, such as ions and molecules, to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration of that solute in solution

Concentration gradient

is a measure of the difference in the concentration of a solute in a solvent between two points divided by the distance

Osmosis

movement of water/solvent from a solution with a higher concentration of water into a solution with a lower water concentration

Filtration

movement of fluid through a partition containing small holes

Hypertonic

cell shrinking due to high water inside the cell and high solute outside the cell

Isotonic

equal solute and water, inside and outside the cell

Hypotonic

cell swelling because of the higher solute inside the cell, higher water outside the cell

Facilitates diffusion

is a carrier-mediated transport process that moves substances into or out of the cells from a higher to a lower concentration of that substance

Active membrane transport

requires the cell to expend energy usually in the form of ATP

Active transport, secondary active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis

active membrane transport includes:

Active Transport

is a carrier-mediated process that moves substances across the cell membrane from regions of lower concentration to those higher concentrations against a concentration gradient.

Active transport

movement of various amino acids from the small intestine into the blood is an example of what kind of transport

Endocytosis

the uptake of material through the cell membrane by the formation of a membrane bound sac called a vesicle

Phagocytosis

term often used for endocytosis when solid particles are ingested

Pinocytosis

smaller vesicles are formed that contain liquid rather than particles

Pinocytosis

also called cell-drinking

Phagocytosis

also called cell-eating

Exocytosis

the release of substance from the cell through the fusion of the vesicle with the cell membrane

Translation

is the synthesis of proteins based on the information in mRNA

Cell division

a controlled process that ensures new cells are produced

Meisosis

type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes

Macrophages

specialized cells called __ phagocytize the cell fragments

Cellular clock, death genes, DNA damage, free radical, mitochondrial damage

cellular aspect of aging.

Differentiation

the process by which cells develop with specialized structures and functions

Apoptosis

a normal process by which cell numbers within various tissues are adjusted and controlled