HHD mid year unit one

WHO definition of health

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.

Recognises physical, mental and social wellbeing.

Complete" wellbeing is unrealistic; health changes over time

Wellbeing definition

A combination of all dimensions of health, characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged.

definition of health and wellbeing

The state of a person’s physical, emotional, social, mental and spiritual existence, characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, capable, healthy and capable.

overall health and wellbeing factors

Includes sleep, exercise, relationships, spiritual or religious beliefs and adaptability to change.

Physical health and wellbeing

Relates to the functioning of the body & its systems and physical capabilities to perform daily tasks.

Social health and wellbeing

The state of a person's interactions with others and the quality of their relationships.

Emotional health and wellbeing

The ability to express emotions in an appropriate way.

Mental health and wellbeing

Relates to a person’s mind or brain and the ability to think and process info, thought patterns, self-esteem, anxiety and stress levels.

Spiritual health and wellbeing

Relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the mind and conscience.

Prerequisites for positive health outcomes

Factors that create social, economic and environmental conditions such as peace, shelter, education, food, income, stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice and equity

Youth perceptions of health and wellbeing

Views influenced by personal beliefs, feelings, experiences and opinions, often relating to mental dimensions like coping with stress, school problems, body image and depression.

Subjective nature of health and wellbeing

The way in which people’s view of health and wellbeing is influenced by or based on personal beliefs, feelings, experiences or opinions.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People health and wellbeing

Emphasis on the importance of culture, including the social, emotional and cultural health and wellbeing of the whole culture and connection to family and land.

Self-assessed health status

An individual's own perception of their health and wellbeing, rated using $5$ options: poor, fair, good, very good and excellent.

Life expectancy

The number of years on average remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates don’t change.

Mortality rates

The number of deaths in a population in a given period of time.

Years of life lost

A measure of how many years of expected life is lost due to premature death.

Morbidity

The ill health of an individual and levels of ill health within a populations.

Incidence

The number of new cases of disease in a population during a given period.

Prevalence

The number of cases of a particular disease present in a population at a given time.

Years lived with disability (YLD)

A measure of how many healthy years of life are lost due to living with disease, illness or injury.

Disability adjusted life years (DALY)

Equals $1$ year of healthy life lost due to premature death and times lived with illness, disease or injury.

Rates of hospitalisation

The right of individuals to be admitted to a hospital and receive appropriate medical care and treatment when required.

Core activity limitation

Exists when an individual sometimes or always requires assistance in areas of self-care, mobility, or communication.

Psychological distress

Relates to unpleasant feelings & emotions that have an impact on an individual's level of functioning.

Health literacy

Relates to how people access, understand and use health information and services in ways that promote and maintain health and wellbeing.

Commercial Factors

Influences on health resulting from product design, packaging, marketing, and the distribution of harmful goods such as tobacco, alcohol, and ultra-processed foods.

Environmental Factors

The physical features that surround a person, which can be natural or built, including urban design, infrastructure, housing, and geographical location.

Mission Australia Youth Survey

An annual report that collects feedback from young Australians aged $15$ to $19$ to identify their concerns and inform government policy and community action.

Subjective Wellbeing

A measure of how a person feels about their life as a whole and across various life domains, often used to determine levels of personal happiness.

Protective Factors

Behaviors and habits, such as good sleep, a balanced diet, and physical activity, that help to optimize all dimensions of health and wellbeing and lessen the likelihood of negative outcomes

Risk factors

something that increases the likelihood of developing disease or injury

Health Inequalities

Unfair and avoidable differences in health status and access to healthcare between different groups of people.

Health status

an individual's or population's overall level of health and wellbeing, considering various indicators such as life expectancy, mortality and morbidity

Sociocultural factors

the social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These conditions include

socioeconomic status

social networks

family and cultural background

Environmental Factors

physical features that surround us, which can be natural or built by people

Health Promotion

The process of helping people improve and maintain their health and wellbeing through education, programs, and supportive environments.

Health Action

behaviour change where health-compromising behaviours are replaced by health-enhancing behaviours

Health equity

when everyone can attain their full potential for health and wellbeing

Social justice

fairness in society

Community values

judgements about what is important for a good community

why youth health is important

it’s important because it supports healthy development, enables participation in daily life, establishes lifelong healthy habits, and influences future health and wellbeing.

factors effecting youth health

Family

peer group

education

income

religion

cultural group

gender

key areas of youth health that require action

Mental health,

overweight and obesity

physical activity,

nutrition

substance use

sexual and reproductive health

injury prevention and safety.

programs and strategies to reduce negative impact on youth health

Health promotion campaigns

school programs

youth-friendly health services

government policies and laws

community programs can improve youth health outcomes.

Define direct costs

costs associated with preventing the disease or condition and providing health and wellbeing services to people experiencing it

indirect costs

costs not directly related to the diagnosis or treatment of disease, but that occur as a result of the person having the disease

define intangible costs

costs in which it is difficult to place a monetary value, often involve emotions or feelings for both individual and community

Role of carbohydrates

provide fuel for the body, glucose preferred fuel and this is rich in glucose

come from vegies, rice breads pasta

role of fibre

provides feelings of fullness, reduces cholesterol levels, absorbs water and prevents constipation

comes from bran and grains

role of protein

build, maintain and repair body cells, act as fuel for producing energy

comes from eggs, chicken, legumes and soy products

role of fats

same as carbs to act as fuel for energy, richer source of energy

into four categories: monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, saturated and trans

monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats

considered the good fats, reducing levels of cholesterol, supporting brain function

monounsaturated fats: olive oil, peanuts

polyunsaturated fats: omega 3; oily fish, omega 6; walnuts, seeds

role of water

forms the basis of blood, digestive juices, urine and perspiration, contained in lean muscle fat and bones

comes from watermelon, celery, cucumber

role of calcium

required for building of bone and other hard tissues, extremely important for periods of rapid growth

comes from sardine with bones, fortified soy milk and orange juice

role of sodium

regulation of fluids in body including water and blood, excess leads to heart failure

comes from table salt and olives

role of iron

forms haem part of haemoglobin which is the oxygen carrying component

comes from lean red meat, eggs, nuts

role of vitamin C

help to form blood vessels, cartilage, muscle, and collagen in bones

important in the body’s healing process

comes from oranges and green leafy vegetables

role of vitamin D

absorb calcium from intestine into bloodstream

comes from beef liver and fish

role of folate

essential for optimal health and wellbeing

important role in DNA synthesis and required for cells to duplicate in periods of growth

comes from poultry and eggs

Australian guide to healthy eating

a federal government initiative that provides nutrition advice with aim of reducing short-term consequences associated with nutritional imbalance

Health star rating system

help people make healthy food choices

based on comparing energy, risk nutrients, and protective nutrients and the proportion of fruit and vegetable, nut and legume content

simple and easy

Healthy eating pyramid

provides youth with a simple visual tool promoting health food intake

How sociocultural factors can help young people consume healthy diet or hinder them

• Family: Parents can encourage healthy eating through role modelling and providing nutritious foods or hinder it by choosing mainly unhealthy options.

• Peers: Friends can influence healthy choices, but peer pressure may encourage frequent consumption of fast foods or sugary drinks.

• Income: Higher income can improve access to a variety of nutritious foods; lower income may limit healthy choices and increase reliance on cheaper, energy-dense foods.

• Education: Greater nutrition knowledge can support healthier food choices; limited education may reduce understanding of healthy eating recommendations.

• Religion: Religious beliefs can encourage healthy eating practices but may also restrict certain foods, affecting dietary choices.

• Cultural group: Cultural traditions can promote nutritious eating habits and shared meals, but some cultural food practices may be high in salt, sugar, or saturated fat.

how commercial factors can help young people consume a healthy diet or hinder them

• Social media: Can promote healthy eating through nutrition education and positive role models, but influencers and advertisements may encourage unhealthy food choices.

• Location-based mobile marketing: Can provide promotions for healthy food outlets, but often sends targeted advertisements and discounts for fast food when young people are nearby.

• Packaging: Clear nutrition labels can help young people make healthier choices, while attractive packaging, health claims, and cartoon characters may encourage the purchase of less nutritious foods.

peace

decreased risk of premature death, serious injury, disability

shelter

provides number of benefits for example safety and security

education

those with higher level of education report fewer health concerns and better mental wellbeing than those with lower levels of education

food

increases ability of individuals to consume required nutrients, enhancing physical health and wellbeing

income

adequate access to resources promotes five dimensions of health and wellbeing

social justice

equal rights for all regardless of anything, same access to resources and opportunities

equity

need for fairness ensuring access to education and employment opportunities

stable ecosystem

predictable weather patterns contribute to effective farming promoting health and wellbeing improving food security

sustainable resources

adequate heating and cool leading to productivity at school promoting emotions such as contentment, enhancing emotional health and wellbeing

self-assessed health status

individuals own perception of their health and wellbeing