Building Utilities Finals

MODULE 4-7: Electronics, HVAC Systems and Equipment, HVAC Plan Reading and Symbols + MODULE 8: Vertical Transportation System

Perimeter protection

• first level of protection for any security system

• doors and windows

• CCTV system

• alarm contacts

Tyoes of Perimeter Protection

1. Plunger Type

2. Magnetic Types

3. Fiber Optic Type

4. Electric Type

5. Watchman’s Tour Equipment

Interior protection

provides backup to perimeter protection

Types of Interior Protection

1. Infrared Motion Detectors

2. Glass Break Detectors

3. Floor Mat Detectors

4. Merchandise Anti-Theft

Electronic Access Control System

• used by large companies

• used to control employee entrance by identifying an authorized individual

• improves employee productivity by preventing unrestricted traffic

• tracks and recalls employee movement

Types of Electronic Access Control System

1. Electronic cardkey

2. Keypass

3. Face/Photo Identification

4. Biometric Identification

CCTV acronym meaning

closed-circuit television

CCTV (Closed-circuit television)

• referred to as video surveillance or security TV

• a system of video feeds that are transmitted within a closed system from various security cameras

Components of a CCTV

1. Surveillance cameras

2. Monitor

3. Digital Video Recorder (DVR)

Telecommunication

• the transmission, emission, or reception of signs, signals writing, images, sounds, or information of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems.

• uses electricity, light (visible and infrared), or radio waves

how do telecommunication systems function?

• when a transmitter converts sound waves or data into signals, which travels along wires or through the air before reaching their destination.

• when the receiver intercepts the signals, they are converted back into useful data or sound waves that become distinguishable by the human ear and recognized by the brain.

Transceiver

a device that functions as a transmitter and receiver

Types of transmission formats

• Analog transmission

• Digital transmission

Analog Transmission

• the conversion of sound or data into electrical impulses

Digital Transmission

• the transmission of a signal that varies in voltage to represent one of two separate states (e.g. on and off or 0 and 1)

Telecommunication network

• a collection of communication equipment and devices that are interconnected so they can communicate in order to share data, hardware, and software or perform an electronic function.

Nodes

• a series of connecting points in a network

Common Types of Telecommunication Topologies

1. Bus Topology

2. Star Topology

3. Ring Topology

4. Tree Topology

Bus Topology

• connects each node (workstation) to a single cable trunk.

• All signals are broadcasted to all workstations; each computer checks the address matches; and the computer processes the

  signal.

• If the address does not match, the computer takes no

  action and the signal travels down the bus to the next compute.

Star Topology

• All nodes in a star typology are connected to a central unit called hub.

• Home runs are cables that extend from the hub to the terminal without splicing or other connections.

Hub

• central unit in a star topology where all nodes are connected

Homeruns

• cables that extend from the hub to the terminal wihtout splicing or other conenctions in a star topology

Ring Topology

• connects workstation equipment and devices in a point-to-point serial manner in an unbroken circular configuration

Tree Topology

• compirses groups of nodes, usually a star topology, with each hub of a star topology branching out from a main hub

Types of Spatial Networks

1. Personal Area Network (PAN)

2. Local Area Network (LAN)

3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

4. Wide area Network (WAN) / Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN)

Personal Area Network

• a network that enables communication between a computer and

  devices near a person.

• can be wired, such as USB or wireless, such as Bluetooth.

Local Area Network

• used in buildings to connect computers and hardware such as printers located relatively close together and sharing resources, equipment, and files.

• Types of LANs include Ethernet, ARCnet, and Token Ring, each

  having their own method of transmitting data.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

• a network that has coverage larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN

Wide area Network (WAN)

• a computer network in which the computers connected may be far apart, generally having a radius of half a mile or more

Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN)

• through wireless communication that can span across a country or across different countries

Types of Transmission Media

1. Open wires

2. Multi-pair cables

3. Transmission cables

4. T1 Cable

5. Optical Fibers

6. Single Mode Fibers

7. Multimode Fibers

Open wires

• bare copper onductors attached to glass insulators on crossarms of utility poles

• PROS: excellent voice transmission, carries signals farther and with less interference or distortion

• CONS: wires had to be kept a foot apart so that they wouldn’t clash together in the wind

Multi-pair cables

• squeezed more wires into a smaller space via insulation (without shorting out against one another)

Main cables are made with up to —— pairs of conductors (——- separate wires)

• 4 200 pairs of conductors

• 8 400 separate wires

Types of Transmission Cables

1. Twisted Pair Cable (TP)

2. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

3. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

4. Screen Shielded Twisted Pair (SSTP) / Screen Foiled Twisted Pair (SSFP)

5. Coaxial Cable (COAX)

6. Thin Coaxial Cable (Thinnet)

7. Thick Coaxial Cable (Thicknet)

8. Twin Axial Cable (Twinax)

9. Triax Cable

Twisted Pair Cable (TP)

• consists of pairs of copper wires that are twisted to certain specifications

• each pair is twisted with a specified number of twists per inch

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

• consists of multiple pairs of twisted insulated copper conductors bound in a single sheath

• unshielded from electromagnetic waves (sensitive to electrical interference)

• used for basic voice, fax or data

AWG 22

• used for telephone and UTP wire

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

• has an outer covering or shield that is added to the ordinary twisted pair that functions as a ground

• suitable where electrical interference occurs

• the extra shielding makes the cable bulky

Screen Shielded Twisted Pair (SSTP) / Screen Foiled Twisted Pair (SSFP)

• eliminates crosstalk (ideal networking cable)

• the twisting of the pairs and number of turns per unit length increases RF shielding and protects from crosstalk

Coaxial Cable (COAX)

• have 2 conductors: an inner solid wire surrounded by an outer braided metal sheath

• conductors both run concentrically along the same axis (thus the name: coaxial)

Thin Coaxial Cable (Thinnet)

• 8 mm in diameter and is very flexible

• looks like a regular TV cable

Thick Coaxial Cable (Thicknet)

• has an extra protective plastic cover that helps keep moisture away from the center conductor

• good for running longer lenghts in linear network

• does not bend easily and is difficult to install

Twin Axial Cable (Twinax)

• 2 center conductors at the center surrounded by an insulating paper

• usually braid, foil, or both

Triax cable

• type of coax cable with an additional outer copper braid

• insulated from signal carrying conductors

• has a core and 2 concentric conductive shields

T1 cable

• powerful phone and internet line

• acts as a tube to funnel information at a fast rate

• 24 channels

• always an active line between two places

Optical Fibers

• log thin strand of very pure silicon glass or plastic (about the diameter of human hair)

• typically consists of 2 strands: sending and receiving

Types of optical fiber connectors

• Straight tip (ST) - common

• Subscriber connector (SC) - common

• Local connector (LC)

• Ferrule connector (FC

Straight tip (ST) - optical fiber connector

• common

Subscriber connector (SC) - optical fiber connector

• common

Local connector (LC) - optical fiber connector

Ferrule Connector (FC) - optical fiber connector

Single mode fibers

• used to transmit one signal per fiber

• used in telephone and cable TV

Multimode fibers

• used to transmit many signals per fiber

• used in computer networks, LANs

Wireless Transmission

• term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves, instead of wires, carry the signal

• microwave, geosynchrono satellite, low-earth orbit satellite, cellular, personal communication service (PCS)

Types of Wireless Network

1. Peer-to-Peer

2. Access Point / Base Station

3. WLAN (Wi-fi)

4. Fixed Wireless Internet

Peer-to-Peer (wireless network)

• P2P

• consists of computers equipped with a wireless networking interface card

• e.g. printers

Access Point / Base Station (wireless network)

• has a computer or receiver that serves as the point at which the network is accessed

WLAN (Wi-fi)

• provide internet access using wireless network devices

Fixed wireless internet

• uses RF or IR to provide WAN or MAW services

Internet

• global system of interconnected computer networks

• uses Transmission Control Protocol or Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

Types of Internet service

• Dial-up

• DSL

• Cable

• Satellite

• Fixed wireless internet

• Fiber internet

Internet Hardware

• Modem

• Router

• Wi-Fi Booster / Repeater / Extender

Modem

• primary piece of internet hardware setup

• type of internet access determines the type of modem

Router

• hardware device that allows connection of several computers and other devices to a single internet connection (home network)

• with the use of ethernet cables

• many modems alr include a built-in router

Wi-Fi booster / repeater / extender

• used to extend the coverage area of a Wi-Fi network

• receives existing Wi-Fi signal, amplifies it, and then transmits the boosted signal

Telephone

• device that converts sound and electrical waves into audible relays and is used of communication

• two parts: microphone and speaker

Types of Telephone Service Systems

1. Plain Old Telephone Services (POTS)

2. Multi Line Phone System (For business)

3. Key System Unit Phone System

4. Private Branch Exchange / Private Automatic Branch Exchange

5. Intercom System

6. IP Telephony (IPT) / Voice Over IP (VoIP) or Internet Telephony

Plain Old Telephone Services (POTS)

• analog telephone service

Multi Line Phone System

• improve office communications and productivity

Key System Unit Phone System

• has the capacity for multiple lines and multiple telephones

Private Branch Exchange / Private Automatic Branch Exchange

• PBX

• connects the telephones within a company to one another

• also connects them to the public switched telephone network (PSTN)

Intercom System

• one or more master stations (administrative) and several remote stations (staff)

IP Telephony / Voice Over IP (VoIP) / Internet Telephony

• deals with the digital side of telecommunication through internet protocol (Voice over IP)

Heating, Ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system

• mechanical system designed to satisfy the environmental conditions within an air-conditioned space in or for a building

Fundamentals / Modes of Heat Transfer

• Conduction

• Convection (natural, forced)

• Radiation (ultraviolet, visible light, infrared)

Conduction

• movement of heat through a substance or between two substances in contact with each other

• most efficient mode of heat transfer

Convection

• heat transfer by the motion of a heated or cooled mass

• transfer of heat between a surface and a moving fluid (gas or liquid)

Natural Convection

• free convection

• when the warm fluid rises and the cold fluid falls due to buoyancy

Forced Convection

• tends to cool the object much faster by means of mechanical intervention

• more efficient

Radiation heat transfer

• involves movement of energy by electromatic waves

• does not require a molecular medium for a transfer to occur

Ultraviolet radiation (UV)

• short-wavelength radiative energy

• not visible to the human eye

• rays that product sunburn and degrades plastics

Visible Light radiation

• middle wavelengths

• human eye can perceive this

Infrared radiation

• long wavelengths of thermal radiation

Transmission Heat Loss

• heat passing through materials in a building envelope or through an assembly of materials

Transmission Heat Loss terms

• Thermal conductivity

• Thermal conductance

• Thermal resistance

• Total thermal resistance

Thermal conductivity

• describes a homogeneous (solid concrete) material’s ability to transfer heat

• expressed in Btu

• is inversely proportional to the insulting value of that material

Thermal conductance

• a heterogeneous or composite material’s ability to transfer heat

• expressed in BTu/hr

Thermal Resistance (R)

• measure of the ability of a material to resist heat transfer

Total Thermal Resistance (Rt)

• insulating ability of a construction assembly of materials

• Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 and so on

Overall Coefficient of Heat Transmission (U)

• ability of a construction assembly to transfer heat

• from exterior

Exposed Radiator (equipment symbols)

Recessed radiator (equipment symbols)

Flush enclosed radiator (equipment symbols)

Projecting enclosed radiator (equipment symbols)

Unit Heater propeller plan (equipment symbols)

Unit Heater centrifugal plan

Unit Ventilator plan

Steam

Duplex Strainer