ap euro exam 1 semester

95 Theses

piece written by Martin Luther against clerical abuses and sale of indulgences

absolutism

belief that a state should be ruled by one person who has total power

Act of Supremacy

Parliament ends the authority of the pope in England, leading to the formation of the Anglican Church

Adam Smith

economist who wrote "Wealth of Nations" and promoted economic liberalism

Anabaptist

radical Christian group that believed in adult baptism and separation of church from state

balance of power

cooperation between European states to assure no single state becomes too powerful

Baroque

style of art/music that is ornamental and emotional, commonly associated with the Catholic Reformation

boyars

Russian nobles

cahiers

notebooks written on the eve of the French Revolution that presented grievances and proposals for reform

Calvinism

Protestant denomination that believes in absolute power of God and predestination

Cardinal Richelieu

chief minister under Louis XIII who essentially controlled France, sided with Protestants in the Thirty Years' War, and minimized power of nobles

Carlsbad Decree

conservative law suppressing subversive ideas and liberal organizations in university settings

Castiglione

humanist figure who wrote The Courtier and encouraged personal growth

Catherine the Great

ruler of Russia who continued westernization, ended torture, offered limited religious toleration, and supported education

Charles I

English monarch who fought Parliament during English Civil War and was executed for treason

Charles II

English monarch who passed Test Act and restored the monarchy and both houses of Parliament

Charles VII

king of France who created first permanent royal army through taxes

Christian humanism

form of humanism based in Northern Europe that combined the Bible with classical texts

Christine de Pizan

first feminist who refuted myths about women

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

law requiring clergy to support French National Assembly, making church officials elected, and confiscating Catholic lands (1790)

Committee of Public Safety

branch of National Convention that worked to eliminate all inside and outside threats to French Revolution

Concert of Europe

group of Great Powers trying to maintain balance of power and prevent revolution

Concordat of 1801

Napoleon promises church that a majority of Frenchmen will be Catholic

Concordat of Bologna

agreement giving French kings control over appointment and policies of church officials; arranged by King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X (1515)

Confederation of the Rhine

group of German states controlled by Napoleon's empire

Congress of Vienna

General peace settlement after defeat of Napoleon that involved Russia, Austria, Prussia, Britain, and France

conservatism

ideology of preserving tradition, maintaining balance of power, opposing civil liberties, and avoiding revolution

constitutionalism

system of government based on a written document of basic principles

Copernicus

Figure of scientific revolution who formulated heliocentric model and published "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies"

cottage system

production of goods within people's homes using hand tools

Council of Trent

group of Catholics who reaffirm Catholic principles but take reform measures; held between 1545 and 1563

Declaration of Rights of Man

French constitution written by National Assembly

Diderot

Enlightenment figure who published "Encyclopedia" and promoted social progress and reform

Directory

corrupt five-man executive (accompanied by legislature) formed in 1795 that began weak dictatorship over France

Edict of Nantes

command for limited religious freedom of Huguenots in France

Elizabeth I

politique who brought many Protestant ideas into Church of England, let people practice whatever religion they wanted at home, and resisted invasion of Spanish Armada

empiricism

theory that knowledge comes only from sensory experience

enclosure

transition from open-field system to fenced-in fields, farming more effectively

English Bill of Rights

Set of English laws protecting individual rights and establishing relationship between king and Parliament

English Civil War

Conflict between Charles I and Parliament over government power

Erasmus

Christian humanist who wrote The Praise of Folly and wanted a reform of the Catholic Church

Estates General

French legislature called in 1788 formed by three separate social groups

Eugene Delacroix

romantic artist who painted Liberty Leading the People (romantic)

Ferdinand and Isabella

rulers of Spain who created equivalent of national church, oversaw the Reconquista, and established Spanish Inquisition

Frederick the Great

ruler of Prussia who wrote new code of law, welcomed religious minorities, and took Silesia (1740 until 1772)

Frederick William I

Prussian king responsible for Prussian absolutism and continuing militarization (1713 until 1740)

Frederick William the Great Elector

Austrian ruler who unified separate states and started process of militarization (1640 until 1688)

Fronde

noble-led rebellion in France against king's authority and the intendant system

Galileo

Figure of scientific revolution who used controlled experiments, formalized concept of inertia, and looked at space with telescope

German Peasants' War

revolt of German lower classes calling for social/political change using the Scriptures

Girondists

moderate republicans who didn't want the execution of the king

Glorious Revolution

end of the divine right monarchy in England

Great Famine

event in Ireland that led to a 25% drop in population

guild

trade based-association with a monopoly over its own trade, special privileges for members, and assurance of high-quality goods

Habsburg-Valois Wars

series of wars in Renaissance Italy involving Spain, France, Holy Roman Empire, and Italian city-states

Henry VIII

first head of the Church of England

Huguenots

term for French Calvinists

humanism

program of study through classical works focusing on understanding human nature, reaching ideals, self-improvement, and virtú

Ignatius Loyola

founder of Society of Jesus

Isaac Newton

Figure of scientific revolution who published "Principia," created three laws of motion, and discussed idea of "world machine"

Jacobins

very radical republicans who wanted the execution of the king (France)

James I

English monarch who believed in divine right to rule and absolute power; battled with both Parliament and Puritans

James II

English monarch who violated Test Act and was replaced by Glorious Revolution

Johannes Kepler

Figure of scientific revolution who created three laws of planetary motion

John Calvin

figure of Protestant Reformation who wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religion" and believed in absolute power of God

John Locke

English philosopher who believed in protecting natural rights

junkers

Prussian nobles

Joseph II

ruler of Austria who abolished serfdom and promoted religious toleration, even though his reforms didn't last

Legislative Assembly

French legislature formed in 1791 that declared war on Austria and Prussia when they supported the monarchy

liberalism

ideology of civil rights, liberty, and representative government

Louis XIV

French monarch responsible for absolutism and revocation of the Edict of Nantes

Louis XVI

weak monarch of France who gives in to efforts for a constitutional monarchy and is executed during the Reign of Terror

Machiavelli

humanist figure who wrote The Prince and stated leaders should maintain order at all costs

Martin Luther

main figure of Protestant Reformation and author of "Ninety-five Theses on the Power of Indulgences"

Medici family

Florentine dynasty of successful merchants, patrons of the arts, and future popes

Michel de Montaigne

Christian humanist who popularized essay as a literary genre and expressed his doubts about the universe

Montesquieu

Enlightenment figure who promoted separation of powers

Napoleon

emperor of France from 1804 to 1814 who used domestic policy to maintain popularity and order

Napoleonic Code

French civil code reasserting "Declaration of Rights of Man" and explaining civil rights, property, etc.

National Assembly

French legislature formed in 1789 that wrote Declaration of the Rights of Man

National Convention

Legislature formed in 1792 during the radical revolution that declares France a republic

nationalism

ideology of ethnic groups sharing common identity and desire for politically independent state

New Monarchs

term describing powerful rulers of Europe who formed loyal armies, had some power over the Catholic church, and maintained centralized governments excluding nobles

Oliver Cromwell

English military dictator and lord protector who dismissed Parliament

Peace of Augsburg

German states earn the right to choose their official religion and acknowledging Lutheranism as a religion, ending the Schmalkaldic Wars

Peace of Utrecht

Treaty ending War of Spanish Succession, stating that France and Spanish monarchies cannot join, and giving Austria control of former Spanish Netherlands

Peace of Westphalia

Treaty ending Thirty Years' War, reaffirming Peace of Augsburg, and recognizing Calvinism as a religion for German states

Peter the Great

Russian tsar of Romanov Dynasty responsible for westernization and militarization

Philip II

son of Charles V who failed as a leader in the Netherlands and lost battles to English Fleet

Petition of Right

English constitutional document giving Parliament power to approve and reject laws, especially taxes

Pico della Mirandola

humanist figure who wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man and emphasized potential for human greatness

putting-out system

production of goods where merchants loan materials to cottage workers who return the finished product

Reconquista

reconquering of Iberian Peninsula that had been taken by Muslim powers

Reign of Terror

period where National Convention attempted to carry out the "war against tyranny" through mass execution

Renaissance

rebirth of classical Greek/Roman ideas that focused on humanism and the liberal arts

Rene Descartes

Figure of scientific revolution who used deductive reasoning and believed in Cartesian dualism

Robespierre

Jacobin leader of Committee of Public Safety who was executed to put an end to the Reign of Terror

romanticism

artistic movement of emotion, freedom of thought, personal connection to God, and anti-Enlightenment ideas

Rousseau

Enlightenment figure who promoted emotion over rationalism, also wrote "The Social Contract" and believed in general will

salons

locations where rich women hosted discussions about literature, science, and philosophy