APUSH Terms for FINAL (01/28/24)

Pueblo People

Native Americans that lived in modern-day Utah and Colorado; farmers who cultivated beans, squash, and maize using advanced irrigation systems.

Iroquois People

Native Americans that lived in the Northeast; farmers who planted crops and lived communally in longhouses made from timber.

Columbian Exchange

The process of transferring plants, animals, diseases, people, and ideas between the Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) and the New World (Americas).

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

The agreement that divided the New World between Spain and Portugal; Spain took land west of Brazil, while Portugal took land east.

John Cabot (1497)

Italian explorer who sailed from Bristol, England, and discovered Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island in North America.

Ponce de Leon (1513)

First European to reach Florida, landing between Saint Augustine and Melbourne Beach; named Florida due to its discovery during Easter.

Coronado (1540)

Spanish conquistador who explored the Southwestern US, seeking the seven cities of Cibola.

Mestizo

Individuals of mixed European and Indigenous American ancestry.

Founding of Roanoke (1584)

First attempted English settlement in North America led by Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe, sent by Sir Walter Raleigh.

Sir Francis Drake (1579)

English explorer who discovered San Francisco, California.

Founding of Jamestown (1607)

The first permanent English settlement in North America, established by 104 Englishmen in Virginia.

Headright System

A land grant to settlers in colonial America, typically 50 acres for those who paid for an immigrant's passage.

Bartolomé de las Casas

First European advocate for the rights of Native Americans in the New World.

Spanish Mission System

Catholic missions established by the Spanish Empire aimed at converting Native Americans to Christianity.

Founding of Quebec (1608)

First permanent French settlement in North America, founded by Samuel de Champlain.

Tobacco Farming in Virginia (1614)

Introduction of tobacco to Virginia via the colony by John Rolfe.

Slaves Brought to British America (1619)

Twenty to thirty enslaved Africans from Angola were brought to Virginia aboard the White Lion.

Rice Cultivation in the Carolinas

Initiated in the 1690s due to suitable geography and climate for rice farming.

Plymouth Colony and Mayflower Compact (1620)

Governance rules established by early settlers who landed in Plymouth after intending to land in Virginia.

Massachusetts Bay Colony (1629)

Settled by Puritans under John Winthrop, with strong Puritan ideals.

City Upon a Hill

John Winthrop's belief that the Massachusetts Bay Colony would serve as a model for Christian society.

Roger Williams (1634)

Banished from Massachusetts Bay for his belief in the separation of church and state.

Maryland Toleration Act (1649)

Act ensuring freedom of religion for Christian settlers in Maryland.

Navigation Acts (1650)

Laws preventing colonies from trading with countries other than England.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor Berkeley, due to conflicts with Native Americans.

Dominion of New England (1686)

A centralized colonial government established by King James II to tighten British control.

King William's War (1689)

The first of a series of colonial wars between New France and New England.

Salem Witch Trials (1692)

A series of hearings and prosecutions of alleged witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights over tradition.

John Locke

British philosopher known for his ideas on natural rights, social contract, and government by consent.

King Philip's War

Conflict between Native American tribes and New England colonists, named after Metacom (King Philip).

Great Awakening

A religious revival in the 18th century emphasizing personal faith and emotional expression.

George Whitefield

Preacher whose sermons played a role in the Great Awakening and emphasized Christian love.

Molasses Act

A law imposing a tax on molasses, sugar, and rum imported into the American colonies.

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

Conflict between France and Great Britain in North America; led to British dominance in the region.

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

Proposal to create a unified government for the Thirteen Colonies.

Writs of Assistance (1761)

General search warrants allowing British customs officers to search for smuggled goods.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Agreement ending the French and Indian War, resulting in territorial losses for France.

Pontiac's Rebellion

Native American uprising against British expansion after the French and Indian War.

Proclamation Line of 1763

British declaration prohibiting colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Sugar Act (1764)

Law enforcing tax on imported sugar and molasses to raise revenue for Britain.

Stamp Act (1765)

Tax requiring that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper.

Stamp Act Congress

Gathering of colonial representatives to organize colonial resistance against the Stamp Act.

Quartering Act (1766)

British law requiring colonists to provide housing for British troops.

Townshend Acts (1767)

Series of acts imposing taxes on goods imported to the American colonies.

Boston Massacre (1770)

Incident where British troops fired on colonists, killing five.

Committees of Correspondence

Networks for communicating and coordinating responses to British policies among the colonies.

Boston Tea Party (1773)

Political protest against taxation without representation in which colonists dumped tea into Boston Harbor.

Intolerable Acts (1774)

A series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party.

Sons of Liberty

Patriotic groups formed to resist British rule and promote independence.

First Continental Congress (1774)

A gathering of colonial delegates to discuss a unified response to British policies.

Second Continental Congress (1775)

Assembly of colonial leaders that managed the colonial war effort and helped adopt the Declaration of Independence.

Paine's Common Sense (1776)

Pamphlet advocating for independence from Britain and criticizing monarchy.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Document declaring the colonies' independence from British rule.

Articles of Confederation (1777)

The first constitution of the U.S., establishing a weak central government.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Agreement that ended the Revolutionary War, recognizing U.S. independence.

Shays' Rebellion (1786)

Armed uprising of farmers in Massachusetts to protest economic injustices.

Constitutional Convention (1787)

Meeting to address problems of the weak Articles of Confederation; led to the drafting of the Constitution.

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

Federalists supported a strong central government, while Anti-Federalists favored state power.

Great/Connecticut Compromise

Compromise establishing a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate.

3/5 Compromise

Agreement counting three out of five enslaved individuals for representation and taxation.

Northwest Ordinance

Established a system for admitting new states to the Union from the Northwest Territory.

Bill of Rights Ratified (1791)

The first ten amendments to the Constitution guaranteeing individual liberties.

First Bank of the United States Established (1791)

Created to handle government funds and stabilize the economy.

Hamilton vs. Jefferson

Dispute over central government power; Hamilton favored strong government, Jefferson advocated for states' rights.

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Uprising against the excise tax on whiskey; tested federal authority.

Jay's Treaty (1795)

Negotiated settlement allowing the U.S. commercial access to Britain and evacuation of British forces.

Pinckney's Treaty (1795)

Agreement with Spain granting the U.S. navigation rights on the Mississippi River.

Washington's Farewell Address (1796)

Advised against permanent foreign alliances and political parties.

XYZ Affair (1797)

Diplomatic incident leading to an undeclared war between the U.S. and France.

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

Laws aimed at restricting immigration and limiting criticism of the government.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798-1799)

Political statements arguing that states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

U.S. acquisition of the territory from France, doubling the size of the nation.

Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

Established the principle of judicial review, allowing the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.

Embargo Act (1807)

Prohibited trade with foreign nations; aimed to hurt Britain but harmed U.S. economy.

Nonintercourse Act (1809)

Replaced the Embargo Act; allowed trade with all nations except Britain and France.

War of 1812

Conflict between the U.S. and Great Britain, rooted in trade restrictions and impressment of sailors.

Hartford Convention (1814)

Meeting of Federalists opposing the War of 1812, leading to the party's decline.

Second Bank of the United States (1816)

Established to stabilize the economy and provide credit.

McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)

Supreme Court case affirming federal authority over state laws.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state to maintain balance.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

U.S. policy opposing further European colonization in the Americas.

Corrupt Bargain (1824)

Controversy over the election of John Quincy Adams, seen as a result of a deal with Henry Clay.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Protective tariff favoring Northern industries, angering Southern states.

Calhoun's South Carolina Exposition

Written response condemning the Tariff of 1828; argued for states' rights to nullify federal laws.

Kitchen Cabinet

President Jackson's informal group of advisors.

Second Great Awakening (1830s)

Religious revival movement emphasizing individualism and personal faith.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Authorized the forced removal of Native American tribes from their homelands.

The Liberator (1831)

Abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison, advocating immediate emancipation.

Nat Turner Rebellion (1831)

Slave uprising in Virginia leading to stricter slave laws.

Trail of Tears

The forced relocation of Cherokee Indians from their lands, resulting in significant suffering and death.

Republic of Texas (1836)

Declared independence from Mexico; recognized as a republic until joining the U.S. in 1845.

Panic of 1837

Economic depression caused by bank failures and economic instability.

Democrats vs. Whigs (1840)

Political parties differing on the size of government and economic policies.

Oregon Trail (1843)

Route used by American settlers moving west to Oregon.

Election of 1844

James K. Polk won, favoring expansionist policies.

Frederick Douglass

Formerly enslaved man who became a prominent abolitionist and civil rights advocate.

Annexation of Texas and Florida

Texas declared independence from Mexico; U.S. annexation favored by Southern states.

Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

Conflict arising from the annexation of Texas and disputed borders.

Wilmot Proviso (1847)

Proposal to ban slavery in territory acquired from Mexico.